第一价格密封拍卖智能合约全流程实现指南

木西
发布于 6小时前
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前言第一价格密封拍卖，作为一种"密封出价、价高者得、支付最高价"的经典竞价机制，天然契合智能合约的透明执行特性。本指南将完整呈现其链上实现：从开发阶段构建Commit-Reveal保密机制与保留价判定逻辑，到测试阶段验证拍卖流程、流拍处理及所有者特权，最终完成合约部署与链上验证。通过系统性的工程

# 前言
> 第一价格密封拍卖，作为一种"密封出价、价高者得、支付最高价"的经典竞价机制，天然契合智能合约的透明执行特性。本指南将完整呈现其链上实现：从开发阶段构建Commit-Reveal保密机制与保留价判定逻辑，到测试阶段验证拍卖流程、流拍处理及所有者特权，最终完成合约部署与链上验证。通过系统性的工程实践，为公平可信的链上资产竞拍提供可直接复用的技术方案。
# 概念
**第一价格密封拍卖**（First-price sealed-bid auction）是密封拍卖的一种形式，竞买人以独立密封方式提交报价，最高出价者按其所报价格成交付款
# 特征
* **密封性**：竞买人无法获知其他参与者的数量及出价信息，所有报价严格保密；
* **一次性出价**：每位竞买人只有一次报价机会，提交后不可更改；
* **"价高者得"原则**  ：拍卖师开启密封报价后，出价最高者赢得拍卖品；
* **支付规则**：获胜者需支付自己的出价金额（即最高出价），而非次高价；
* **同步竞价**：所有竞买人在规定时间内同时提交报价，采用独立密封方式；
* **适用场景**：多用于工程项目招标、大宗货物、土地房产等不动产交易以及资源开采权出让；
# 拍卖流程
**第一阶段：准备与登记**

-   拍卖方发布拍卖公告，展示拍卖物品并提供相关说明资料
-   潜在竞买人进行投标登记，提供身份证明等必要文件
-   拍卖方设定保留价（底价），低于该价格的出价无效

**第二阶段：密封投标**

-   竞买人在规定时间内填写报价单，将出价金额密封在信封中
-   密封报价需包含竞买号、身份信息及报价金额
-   竞买人提交密封报价并缴纳保证金

**第三阶段：开标与成交**

-   拍卖师在指定时间当众开启所有密封信封
-   按照"价高者得"原则确定最高出价者为中标人
-   若出现相同报价，通常以投标在先（或编号在前）者为中标人

**第四阶段：支付与交割**

-   中标者在规定时间内支付拍卖款项（即自己的最高出价）
-   拍卖方将拍卖品交付给中标者，并办理相关手续
-   未中标者的保证金予以退还
# 智能合约开发、测试、部署
## 智能合约
#### 1. NFT智能合约
```
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// Compatible with OpenZeppelin Contracts ^5.0.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.22;

import {ERC721} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/ERC721.sol";
import {ERC721Burnable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721Burnable.sol";
import {ERC721Enumerable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721Enumerable.sol";
import {ERC721URIStorage} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721URIStorage.sol";
import {Ownable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";

contract BoykaNFT is ERC721, ERC721Enumerable, ERC721URIStorage, ERC721Burnable, Ownable {
    uint256 private _nextTokenId;

constructor(address initialOwner)
        ERC721("BoykaNFT", "BFT")
        Ownable(initialOwner)
    {}

function safeMint(address to, string memory uri) public onlyOwner {
        uint256 tokenId = _nextTokenId++;
        _safeMint(to, tokenId);
        _setTokenURI(tokenId, uri);
    }

// The following functions are overrides required by Solidity.

function _update(address to, uint256 tokenId, address auth)
        internal
        override(ERC721, ERC721Enumerable)
        returns (address)
    {
        return super._update(to, tokenId, auth);
    }

function _increaseBalance(address account, uint128 value)
        internal
        override(ERC721, ERC721Enumerable)
    {
        super._increaseBalance(account, value);
    }

function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId)
        public
        view
        override(ERC721, ERC721URIStorage)
        returns (string memory)
    {
        return super.tokenURI(tokenId);
    }

function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId)
        public
        view
        override(ERC721, ERC721Enumerable, ERC721URIStorage)
        returns (bool)
    {
        return super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }
}
```
#### 2. 第一价格密封拍卖智能合约
```
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Pausable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721Receiver.sol";

/**
 * @title 第一价格密封拍卖合约
 * @dev 采用 Commit-Reveal 机制确保出价保密性
 * @dev 新增功能：所有者特权 - 可随时强制结束拍卖 & 强制验证 reveal
 */
contract FirstPriceSealedAuction is Ownable, ReentrancyGuard, Pausable, IERC721Receiver {
    struct Auction {
        address seller;
        address nftContract;
        uint256 tokenId;
        uint256 reservePrice;      // 保留价
        uint256 commitDeadline;    // 承诺截止时间
        uint256 revealDeadline;     // 揭示截止时间
        address highestBidder;
        uint256 highestBid;
        bool ended;
        bool claimed;
    }

struct BidCommitment {
        bytes32 commitment;  // 出价哈希
        bool hasCommitted;
        bool hasRevealed;
        uint256 amount;
    }

// 拍卖ID => 拍卖信息
    mapping(uint256 => Auction) public auctions;
    // 拍卖ID => 竞标者地址 => 承诺信息
    mapping(uint256 => mapping(address => BidCommitment)) public commitments;
    // 记录已结束的拍卖数量
    uint256 public auctionCounter;

// 事件定义
    event AuctionCreated(
        uint256 indexed auctionId,
        address indexed seller,
        address indexed nftContract,
        uint256 tokenId,
        uint256 reservePrice,
        uint256 commitDeadline,
        uint256 revealDeadline
    );

event BidCommitted(
        uint256 indexed auctionId,
        address indexed bidder,
        bytes32 commitment
    );

event BidRevealed(
        uint256 indexed auctionId,
        address indexed bidder,
        uint256 amount
    );

event AuctionEnded(
        uint256 indexed auctionId,
        address indexed winner,
        uint256 winningBid
    );

event NFTClaimed(uint256 indexed auctionId, address indexed winner);
    event FundsWithdrawn(uint256 indexed auctionId, address indexed seller, uint256 amount);

/**
     * @dev 构造函数
     */
    constructor() Ownable(msg.sender) {}

/**
     * @dev 创建新的拍卖
     */
    function createAuction(
        address nftContract,
        uint256 tokenId,
        uint256 reservePrice,
        uint256 commitDuration,
        uint256 revealDuration
    ) external whenNotPaused nonReentrant returns (uint256) {
        require(nftContract != address(0), "Invalid NFT contract");
        require(commitDuration > 0 && revealDuration > 0, "Invalid duration");
        
        // 转移NFT到合约
        IERC721(nftContract).safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), tokenId);

uint256 auctionId = auctionCounter++;
        uint256 currentTime = block.timestamp;
        
        auctions[auctionId] = Auction({
            seller: msg.sender,
            nftContract: nftContract,
            tokenId: tokenId,
            reservePrice: reservePrice,
            commitDeadline: currentTime + commitDuration,
            revealDeadline: currentTime + commitDuration + revealDuration,
            highestBidder: address(0),
            highestBid: 0,
            ended: false,
            claimed: false
        });

emit AuctionCreated(
            auctionId,
            msg.sender,
            nftContract,
            tokenId,
            reservePrice,
            currentTime + commitDuration,
            currentTime + commitDuration + revealDuration
        );

return auctionId;
    }

/**
     * @dev 提交出价承诺（哈希）
     */
    function commitBid(uint256 auctionId, bytes32 commitment) 
        external 
        payable 
        whenNotPaused 
        nonReentrant 
    {
        Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId];
        require(block.timestamp < auction.commitDeadline, "Commit period ended");
        require(msg.value > 0, "Must send deposit");
        require(!commitments[auctionId][msg.sender].hasCommitted, "Already committed");

commitments[auctionId][msg.sender] = BidCommitment({
            commitment: commitment,
            hasCommitted: true,
            hasRevealed: false,
            amount: msg.value
        });

emit BidCommitted(auctionId, msg.sender, commitment);
    }

/**
     * @dev 内部函数：处理 reveal 逻辑
     */
    function _processReveal(
        uint256 auctionId,
        address bidder,
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 secret
    ) internal {
        BidCommitment storage bid = commitments[auctionId][bidder];
        require(bid.hasCommitted, "No commitment found");
        require(!bid.hasRevealed, "Already revealed");
        
        // 验证哈希匹配
        bytes32 calculatedCommitment = keccak256(abi.encode(amount, secret));
        require(calculatedCommitment == bid.commitment, "Invalid commitment");

bid.hasRevealed = true;
        bid.amount = amount;

// 检查保证金是否足够
        require(bid.amount >= amount, "Insufficient deposit");

// 记录最高出价
        Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId];
        if (amount > auction.highestBid) {
            auction.highestBid = amount;
            auction.highestBidder = bidder;
        }

emit BidRevealed(auctionId, bidder, amount);
    }

/**
     * @dev 揭示实际出价（需等待 reveal 阶段）
     */
    function revealBid(
        uint256 auctionId,
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 secret
    ) external virtual whenNotPaused nonReentrant {
        Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId];
        require(
            block.timestamp >= auction.commitDeadline && 
            block.timestamp < auction.revealDeadline,
            "Not reveal period"
        );
        
        _processReveal(auctionId, msg.sender, amount, secret);
    }

/**
     * @dev 所有者特权：立即验证 reveal（无需等待时间）
     * @notice 允许所有者在任何时间（即使 commit 阶段未结束）强制验证某个竞标者的 reveal
     * @param auctionId 拍卖ID
     * @param bidder 要验证的竞标者地址
     * @param amount 竞标者声称的出价金额
     * @param secret 竞标者的秘密值
     */
    function forceRevealBid(
        uint256 auctionId,
        address bidder,
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 secret
    ) external onlyOwner nonReentrant {
        require(!auctions[auctionId].ended, "Auction already ended");
        _processReveal(auctionId, bidder, amount, secret);
    }

/**
     * @dev 内部函数：结束拍卖
     */
    function _endAuction(uint256 auctionId) internal {
        Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId];
        require(!auction.ended, "Auction already ended");
        
        auction.ended = true;

// 如果最高出价低于保留价，则流拍
        if (auction.highestBid < auction.reservePrice || auction.highestBidder == address(0)) {
            emit AuctionEnded(auctionId, address(0), 0);
        } else {
            emit AuctionEnded(auctionId, auction.highestBidder, auction.highestBid);
        }
    }

/**
     * @dev 正常结束拍卖（需等待揭示期结束）
     */
    function endAuction(uint256 auctionId) 
        external 
        nonReentrant 
    {
        Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId];
        require(block.timestamp >= auction.revealDeadline, "Reveal period not ended");
        
        _endAuction(auctionId);
    }

/**
     * @dev 所有者特权：强制结束拍卖
     */
    function forceEndAuction(uint256 auctionId) 
        external 
        onlyOwner 
        nonReentrant 
    {
        _endAuction(auctionId);
    }

/**
     * @dev 胜标者领取NFT
     */
    function claimNFT(uint256 auctionId) external nonReentrant {
        Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId];
        require(auction.ended, "Auction not ended");
        require(auction.highestBid >= auction.reservePrice, "Auction failed");
        require(msg.sender == auction.highestBidder, "Not winner");
        require(!auction.claimed, "NFT already claimed");

auction.claimed = true;
        
        IERC721(auction.nftContract).safeTransferFrom(
            address(this),
            auction.highestBidder,
            auction.tokenId
        );

emit NFTClaimed(auctionId, auction.highestBidder);
    }

/**
     * @dev 卖家提取资金
     */
    function withdrawFunds(uint256 auctionId) external nonReentrant {
        Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId];
        require(auction.ended, "Auction not ended");
        require(auction.highestBid >= auction.reservePrice, "Auction failed");
        require(msg.sender == auction.seller, "Only seller");
        
        uint256 amount = auction.highestBid;
        auction.highestBid = 0;

(bool success, ) = payable(auction.seller).call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Transfer failed");

emit FundsWithdrawn(auctionId, auction.seller, amount);
    }

/**
     * @dev 退还失败竞标者的保证金
     */
    function refundDeposit(uint256 auctionId) external nonReentrant {
        Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId];
        require(auction.ended, "Auction not ended");
        
        BidCommitment storage bid = commitments[auctionId][msg.sender];
        require(bid.hasCommitted, "No commitment");
        
        bool shouldRefund = !bid.hasRevealed || 
                            (bid.hasRevealed && msg.sender != auction.highestBidder) ||
                            auction.highestBid < auction.reservePrice;
                            
        require(shouldRefund, "Cannot refund");
        
        uint256 refundAmount = bid.amount;
        bid.amount = 0;

(bool success, ) = payable(msg.sender).call{value: refundAmount}("");
        require(success, "Refund failed");
    }

/**
     * @dev 获取拍卖详情
     */
    function getAuction(uint256 auctionId) external view returns (Auction memory) {
        return auctions[auctionId];
    }

/**
     * @dev 获取竞标者承诺信息
     */
    function getCommitment(uint256 auctionId, address bidder) external view returns (BidCommitment memory) {
        return commitments[auctionId][bidder];
    }

/**
     * @dev 紧急暂停合约
     */
    function pause() external onlyOwner {
        _pause();
    }

/**
     * @dev 恢复合约
     */
    function unpause() external onlyOwner {
        _unpause();
    }

/**
     * @dev 接收NFT的回调函数
     */
    function onERC721Received(
        address,
        address,
        uint256,
        bytes calldata
    ) external pure override returns (bytes4) {
        return this.onERC721Received.selector;
    }
}
```
#### 编译指令
```
npx hardhat compile
```
## 智能合约部署
#### 1. NFT合约部署脚本
```
module.exports=async ({getNamedAccounts,deployments})=>{
    const {deploy,log} = deployments;
    const {firstAccount,secondAccount} = await getNamedAccounts();
    console.log("firstAccount",firstAccount)
    const BoykaNFT=await deploy("BoykaNFT",{
        from:firstAccount,
        args: [firstAccount],//参数
        log: true,
    })
    console.log('nft合约',BoykaNFT.address)
};
module.exports.tags = ["all", "nft"];
```
#### 2. 第一价格密封拍卖脚本
```
module.exports=async ({getNamedAccounts,deployments})=>{
    const {deploy,log} = deployments;
    const {firstAccount,secondAccount} = await getNamedAccounts();
    console.log("firstAccount",firstAccount)
    const FirstPriceSealedAuction=await deploy("FirstPriceSealedAuction",{
        from:firstAccount,
        args: [],//参数
        log: true,
    })
    console.log('第一价格密封拍卖合约',FirstPriceSealedAuction.address)
};
module.exports.tags = ["all", "FirstPriceSealedAuction"];

```
#### 部署指令
```
npx hardhat deploy --tags xxx,xxx  //（例如：nft,FirstPriceSealedAuction）
```
## 智能合约测试
#### 第一价格密封拍卖拍卖流程测试脚本
```
const {ethers,getNamedAccounts,deployments} = require("hardhat");
const { assert,expect } = require("chai");
describe("FirstPriceSealedAuction",function(){
    let FirstPriceSealedAuction;//合约
    let nft;//合约
    let addr1;
    let addr2;
    let addr3;
    let firstAccount//第一个账户
    let secondAccount//第二个账户
    let mekadate='ipfs://QmQT8VpmWQVhUhoDCEK1mdHXaFaJ3KawkRxHm96GUhrXLB';
    beforeEach(async function(){
        await deployments.fixture(["nft","FirstPriceSealedAuction"]);
        [addr1,addr2,addr3]=await ethers.getSigners();
       
        firstAccount=(await getNamedAccounts()).firstAccount;
        secondAccount=(await getNamedAccounts()).secondAccount;
        const nftDeployment = await deployments.get("BoykaNFT");
        nft = await ethers.getContractAt("BoykaNFT",nftDeployment.address);//已经部署的合约交互
        const FirstPriceSealedAuctionDeployment = await deployments.get("FirstPriceSealedAuction");//已经部署的合约交互
        FirstPriceSealedAuction = await ethers.getContractAt("FirstPriceSealedAuction",FirstPriceSealedAuctionDeployment.address);//已经部署的合约交互
    })
    describe("第一价格密封拍卖",function(){
        it("完整流程：创建、出价、揭示、结束、领取", async () => {
            // ==================== 准备阶段 ====================
            console.log("\n=== 准备阶段 ===");
            
            // 铸造NFT给firstAccount
            await nft.safeMint(firstAccount, mekadate);
            console.log("✓ NFT已铸造，所有者:", await nft.ownerOf(0));
            
            // firstAccount授权拍卖合约操作NFT
            const nftWithSeller = nft.connect(await ethers.getSigner(firstAccount));
            await nftWithSeller.approve(FirstPriceSealedAuction.target, 0);
            console.log("✓ NFT已授权给拍卖合约");

// 创建拍卖：保留价1 ETH，commit和reveal各360秒
            const reservePrice = ethers.parseEther("1");
            const createAuctionTx = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.createAuction(
                nft.target,
                0,
                reservePrice,
                360,  // commit持续360秒
                360   // reveal持续360秒
            );
            await createAuctionTx.wait();
            
            const auctionId = 0;
            const auction = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.getAuction(auctionId);
            console.log("✓ 拍卖已创建，ID:", auctionId);
            console.log("  保留价:", ethers.formatEther(reservePrice), "ETH");
            console.log("  commit截止:", new Date(Number(auction.commitDeadline) * 1000).toLocaleString());
            console.log("  reveal截止:", new Date(Number(auction.revealDeadline) * 1000).toLocaleString());

// ==================== Commit阶段 ====================
            console.log("\n=== Commit阶段 ===");
            
            // 准备出价：addr2出2 ETH，addr3出3 ETH
            const bidAmount2 = ethers.parseEther("2");
            const bidAmount3 = ethers.parseEther("3");
            const secret2 = 12345;
            const secret3 = 54321;
            
            // 计算承诺哈希
            const commitment2 = ethers.keccak256(
                ethers.AbiCoder.defaultAbiCoder().encode(
                    ["uint256", "uint256"],
                    [bidAmount2, secret2]
                )
            );
            const commitment3 = ethers.keccak256(
                ethers.AbiCoder.defaultAbiCoder().encode(
                    ["uint256", "uint256"],
                    [bidAmount3, secret3]
                )
            );
            
            // addr2提交承诺（发送2.5 ETH作为保证金）
            const auctionWithAddr2 = FirstPriceSealedAuction.connect(addr2);
            await auctionWithAddr2.commitBid(auctionId, commitment2, { value: ethers.parseEther("2.5") });
            console.log("✓ addr2已提交承诺，出价:", ethers.formatEther(bidAmount2), "ETH");
            
            // addr3提交承诺（发送3.5 ETH作为保证金）
            const auctionWithAddr3 = FirstPriceSealedAuction.connect(addr3);
            await auctionWithAddr3.commitBid(auctionId, commitment3, { value: ethers.parseEther("3.5") });
            console.log("✓ addr3已提交承诺，出价:", ethers.formatEther(bidAmount3), "ETH");
            
            // 验证承诺已存储
            const commitmentData2 = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.getCommitment(auctionId, addr2.address);
            const commitmentData3 = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.getCommitment(auctionId, addr3.address);
            assert.equal(commitmentData2.hasCommitted, true);
            assert.equal(commitmentData3.hasCommitted, true);
            
            // 快进时间到commit阶段结束
            await ethers.provider.send("evm_increaseTime", [400]); // 超过360秒
            await ethers.provider.send("evm_mine");
            console.log("⏰ 时间已推进到commit阶段结束");

// ==================== Reveal阶段 ====================
            console.log("\n=== Reveal阶段 ===");
            
            // 验证当前时间已在reveal阶段
            const currentTime = await ethers.provider.getBlock('latest').then(b => b.timestamp);
            const auctionAfterCommit = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.getAuction(auctionId);
            assert.isAtLeast(currentTime, Number(auctionAfterCommit.commitDeadline));
            
            // addr2揭示出价
            await auctionWithAddr2.revealBid(auctionId, bidAmount2, secret2);
            console.log("✓ addr2已揭示出价");
            
            // addr3揭示出价
            await auctionWithAddr3.revealBid(auctionId, bidAmount3, secret3);
            console.log("✓ addr3已揭示出价");
            
            // 快进时间到reveal阶段结束
            await ethers.provider.send("evm_increaseTime", [400]);
            await ethers.provider.send("evm_mine");
            console.log("⏰ 时间已推进到reveal阶段结束");

// ==================== 结束拍卖 ====================
            console.log("\n=== 结束拍卖 ===");
            
            // 结束拍卖
            await FirstPriceSealedAuction.endAuction(auctionId);
            console.log("✓ 拍卖已手动结束");
            
            // 验证拍卖状态和结果
            const endedAuction = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.getAuction(auctionId);
            assert.equal(endedAuction.ended, true);
            assert.equal(endedAuction.highestBidder, addr3.address);
            assert.equal(endedAuction.highestBid, bidAmount3);
            console.log("✓ 拍卖结果验证: addr3以", ethers.formatEther(bidAmount3), "ETH获胜");

// ==================== 领取NFT ====================
            console.log("\n=== 领取NFT ===");
            
            // 验证auction.claimed状态
            assert.equal(endedAuction.claimed, false);
            
            // addr3领取NFT
            await auctionWithAddr3.claimNFT(auctionId);
            console.log("✓ 获胜者addr3已领取NFT");
            
            // 验证NFT所有权已转移
            const nftOwner = await nft.ownerOf(0);
            assert.equal(nftOwner, addr3.address);
            console.log("✓ NFT所有权已转移给addr3");

// ==================== 提取资金 ====================
            console.log("\n=== 提取资金 ===");
            
            // 获取卖家提取前的余额
            const sellerBefore = await ethers.provider.getBalance(firstAccount);
            
            // 卖家提取拍卖资金
            const auctionWithSeller = FirstPriceSealedAuction.connect(await ethers.getSigner(firstAccount));
            const withdrawTx = await auctionWithSeller.withdrawFunds(auctionId);
            await withdrawTx.wait();
            console.log("✓ 卖家已提取拍卖资金");
            
            // 验证卖家余额增加（考虑gas费用）
            const sellerAfter = await ethers.provider.getBalance(firstAccount);
            const balanceIncrease = sellerAfter - sellerBefore;
            console.log("  卖家余额增加:", ethers.formatEther(balanceIncrease), "ETH");
            expect(balanceIncrease).to.be.closeTo(bidAmount3, ethers.parseEther("0.01")); // 考虑gas费用

// ==================== 退还保证金 ====================
            console.log("\n=== 退还保证金 ===");
            
            // addr2（失败者）取回保证金
            const addr2BalanceBefore = await ethers.provider.getBalance(addr2.address);
            await auctionWithAddr2.refundDeposit(auctionId);
            const addr2BalanceAfter = await ethers.provider.getBalance(addr2.address);
            
            const addr2Refund = addr2BalanceAfter - addr2BalanceBefore;
            console.log("✓ 失败者addr2已取回保证金:", ethers.formatEther(addr2Refund), "ETH");
            expect(addr2Refund).to.be.closeTo(ethers.parseEther("2.5"), ethers.parseEther("0.01"));
            
            // 验证获胜者addr3不能取回保证金
            try {
                await auctionWithAddr3.refundDeposit(auctionId);
                assert.fail("获胜者不应该能取回保证金");
            } catch (error) {
                console.log("✓ 获胜者无法取回保证金（预期行为）");
            }
            
            console.log("\n🎉 完整拍卖流程测试通过！");
        });
    })
})
```
#### 测试指令
```
npx hardhat test ./test/xxx.js //(例如：FirstPriceSealedAuction.js)
```
# 总结
至此，第一价格密封拍卖智能合约全流程实现已完成。该机制以"密封出价、价高者得"为核心，通过Commit-Reveal模式与保留价判定保障链上竞价公平性。开发基于OpenZeppelin构建安全架构，测试运用Hardhat完成多场景验证，最终部署为NFT竞拍提供透明可信的技术方案。

前言

第一价格密封拍卖，作为一种"密封出价、价高者得、支付最高价"的经典竞价机制，天然契合智能合约的透明执行特性。本指南将完整呈现其链上实现：从开发阶段构建Commit-Reveal保密机制与保留价判定逻辑，到测试阶段验证拍卖流程、流拍处理及所有者特权，最终完成合约部署与链上验证。通过系统性的工程实践，为公平可信的链上资产竞拍提供可直接复用的技术方案。

概念

第一价格密封拍卖（First-price sealed-bid auction）是密封拍卖的一种形式，竞买人以独立密封方式提交报价，最高出价者按其所报价格成交付款

特征

密封性：竞买人无法获知其他参与者的数量及出价信息，所有报价严格保密；

一次性出价：每位竞买人只有一次报价机会，提交后不可更改；

"价高者得"原则 ：拍卖师开启密封报价后，出价最高者赢得拍卖品；

支付规则：获胜者需支付自己的出价金额（即最高出价），而非次高价；

同步竞价：所有竞买人在规定时间内同时提交报价，采用独立密封方式；

适用场景：多用于工程项目招标、大宗货物、土地房产等不动产交易以及资源开采权出让；
拍卖流程

第一阶段：准备与登记

拍卖方发布拍卖公告，展示拍卖物品并提供相关说明资料
潜在竞买人进行投标登记，提供身份证明等必要文件
拍卖方设定保留价（底价），低于该价格的出价无效

第二阶段：密封投标

竞买人在规定时间内填写报价单，将出价金额密封在信封中
密封报价需包含竞买号、身份信息及报价金额
竞买人提交密封报价并缴纳保证金

第三阶段：开标与成交

拍卖师在指定时间当众开启所有密封信封
按照"价高者得"原则确定最高出价者为中标人
若出现相同报价，通常以投标在先（或编号在前）者为中标人

第四阶段：支付与交割

中标者在规定时间内支付拍卖款项（即自己的最高出价）
拍卖方将拍卖品交付给中标者，并办理相关手续

未中标者的保证金予以退还

智能合约开发、测试、部署

智能合约

1. NFT智能合约


// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// Compatible with OpenZeppelin Contracts ^5.0.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.22;

import {ERC721} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/ERC721.sol"; import {ERC721Burnable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721Burnable.sol"; import {ERC721Enumerable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721Enumerable.sol"; import {ERC721URIStorage} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721URIStorage.sol"; import {Ownable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";

contract BoykaNFT is ERC721, ERC721Enumerable, ERC721URIStorage, ERC721Burnable, Ownable { uint256 private _nextTokenId;

constructor(address initialOwner)
    ERC721("BoykaNFT", "BFT")
    Ownable(initialOwner)
{}

function safeMint(address to, string memory uri) public onlyOwner {
    uint256 tokenId = _nextTokenId++;
    _safeMint(to, tokenId);
    _setTokenURI(tokenId, uri);
}

// The following functions are overrides required by Solidity.

function _update(address to, uint256 tokenId, address auth)
    internal
    override(ERC721, ERC721Enumerable)
    returns (address)
{
    return super._update(to, tokenId, auth);
}

function _increaseBalance(address account, uint128 value)
    internal
    override(ERC721, ERC721Enumerable)
{
    super._increaseBalance(account, value);
}

function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId)
    public
    view
    override(ERC721, ERC721URIStorage)
    returns (string memory)
{
    return super.tokenURI(tokenId);
}

function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId)
    public
    view
    override(ERC721, ERC721Enumerable, ERC721URIStorage)
    returns (bool)
{
    return super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
}

}

#### 2. 第一价格密封拍卖智能合约

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol"; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol"; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Pausable.sol"; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721.sol"; import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721Receiver.sol";

/**

@title 第一价格密封拍卖合约
@dev 采用 Commit-Reveal 机制确保出价保密性
@dev 新增功能：所有者特权 - 可随时强制结束拍卖 & 强制验证 reveal */ contract FirstPriceSealedAuction is Ownable, ReentrancyGuard, Pausable, IERC721Receiver { struct Auction { address seller; address nftContract; uint256 tokenId; uint256 reservePrice; // 保留价 uint256 commitDeadline; // 承诺截止时间 uint256 revealDeadline; // 揭示截止时间 address highestBidder; uint256 highestBid; bool ended; bool claimed; }

struct BidCommitment { bytes32 commitment; // 出价哈希 bool hasCommitted; bool hasRevealed; uint256 amount; }

// 拍卖ID => 拍卖信息 mapping(uint256 => Auction) public auctions; // 拍卖ID => 竞标者地址 => 承诺信息 mapping(uint256 => mapping(address => BidCommitment)) public commitments; // 记录已结束的拍卖数量 uint256 public auctionCounter;

// 事件定义 event AuctionCreated( uint256 indexed auctionId, address indexed seller, address indexed nftContract, uint256 tokenId, uint256 reservePrice, uint256 commitDeadline, uint256 revealDeadline );

event BidCommitted( uint256 indexed auctionId, address indexed bidder, bytes32 commitment );

event BidRevealed( uint256 indexed auctionId, address indexed bidder, uint256 amount );

event AuctionEnded( uint256 indexed auctionId, address indexed winner, uint256 winningBid );

event NFTClaimed(uint256 indexed auctionId, address indexed winner); event FundsWithdrawn(uint256 indexed auctionId, address indexed seller, uint256 amount);

/**
- @dev 构造函数 */ constructor() Ownable(msg.sender) {}
/**
- @dev 创建新的拍卖 */ function createAuction( address nftContract, uint256 tokenId, uint256 reservePrice, uint256 commitDuration, uint256 revealDuration ) external whenNotPaused nonReentrant returns (uint256) { require(nftContract != address(0), "Invalid NFT contract"); require(commitDuration > 0 && revealDuration > 0, "Invalid duration");
  
  // 转移NFT到合约 IERC721(nftContract).safeTransferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), tokenId);
  
  uint256 auctionId = auctionCounter++; uint256 currentTime = block.timestamp;
  
  auctions[auctionId] = Auction({ seller: msg.sender, nftContract: nftContract, tokenId: tokenId, reservePrice: reservePrice, commitDeadline: currentTime + commitDuration, revealDeadline: currentTime + commitDuration + revealDuration, highestBidder: address(0), highestBid: 0, ended: false, claimed: false });
  
  emit AuctionCreated( auctionId, msg.sender, nftContract, tokenId, reservePrice, currentTime + commitDuration, currentTime + commitDuration + revealDuration );
  
  return auctionId; }
/**
- @dev 提交出价承诺（哈希） */ function commitBid(uint256 auctionId, bytes32 commitment) external payable whenNotPaused nonReentrant { Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId]; require(block.timestamp < auction.commitDeadline, "Commit period ended"); require(msg.value > 0, "Must send deposit"); require(!commitments[auctionId][msg.sender].hasCommitted, "Already committed");
  
  commitments[auctionId][msg.sender] = BidCommitment({ commitment: commitment, hasCommitted: true, hasRevealed: false, amount: msg.value });
  
  emit BidCommitted(auctionId, msg.sender, commitment); }
/**
- @dev 内部函数：处理 reveal 逻辑 */ function _processReveal( uint256 auctionId, address bidder, uint256 amount, uint256 secret ) internal { BidCommitment storage bid = commitments[auctionId][bidder]; require(bid.hasCommitted, "No commitment found"); require(!bid.hasRevealed, "Already revealed");
  
  // 验证哈希匹配 bytes32 calculatedCommitment = keccak256(abi.encode(amount, secret)); require(calculatedCommitment == bid.commitment, "Invalid commitment");
  
  bid.hasRevealed = true; bid.amount = amount;
  
  // 检查保证金是否足够 require(bid.amount >= amount, "Insufficient deposit");
  
  // 记录最高出价 Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId]; if (amount > auction.highestBid) { auction.highestBid = amount; auction.highestBidder = bidder; }
  
  emit BidRevealed(auctionId, bidder, amount); }
/**
- @dev 揭示实际出价（需等待 reveal 阶段） */ function revealBid( uint256 auctionId, uint256 amount, uint256 secret ) external virtual whenNotPaused nonReentrant { Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId]; require( block.timestamp >= auction.commitDeadline && block.timestamp < auction.revealDeadline, "Not reveal period" );
  
  _processReveal(auctionId, msg.sender, amount, secret); }
/**
- @dev 所有者特权：立即验证 reveal（无需等待时间）
- @notice 允许所有者在任何时间（即使 commit 阶段未结束）强制验证某个竞标者的 reveal
- @param auctionId 拍卖ID
- @param bidder 要验证的竞标者地址
- @param amount 竞标者声称的出价金额
- @param secret 竞标者的秘密值 */ function forceRevealBid( uint256 auctionId, address bidder, uint256 amount, uint256 secret ) external onlyOwner nonReentrant { require(!auctions[auctionId].ended, "Auction already ended"); _processReveal(auctionId, bidder, amount, secret); }
/**
- @dev 内部函数：结束拍卖 */ function _endAuction(uint256 auctionId) internal { Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId]; require(!auction.ended, "Auction already ended");
  
  auction.ended = true;
  
  // 如果最高出价低于保留价，则流拍 if (auction.highestBid < auction.reservePrice || auction.highestBidder == address(0)) { emit AuctionEnded(auctionId, address(0), 0); } else { emit AuctionEnded(auctionId, auction.highestBidder, auction.highestBid); } }
/**
- @dev 正常结束拍卖（需等待揭示期结束） */ function endAuction(uint256 auctionId) external nonReentrant { Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId]; require(block.timestamp >= auction.revealDeadline, "Reveal period not ended");
  
  _endAuction(auctionId); }
/**
- @dev 所有者特权：强制结束拍卖 */ function forceEndAuction(uint256 auctionId) external onlyOwner nonReentrant { _endAuction(auctionId); }
/**
- @dev 胜标者领取NFT */ function claimNFT(uint256 auctionId) external nonReentrant { Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId]; require(auction.ended, "Auction not ended"); require(auction.highestBid >= auction.reservePrice, "Auction failed"); require(msg.sender == auction.highestBidder, "Not winner"); require(!auction.claimed, "NFT already claimed");
  
  auction.claimed = true;
  
  IERC721(auction.nftContract).safeTransferFrom( address(this), auction.highestBidder, auction.tokenId );
  
  emit NFTClaimed(auctionId, auction.highestBidder); }
/**
- @dev 卖家提取资金 */ function withdrawFunds(uint256 auctionId) external nonReentrant { Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId]; require(auction.ended, "Auction not ended"); require(auction.highestBid >= auction.reservePrice, "Auction failed"); require(msg.sender == auction.seller, "Only seller");
  
  uint256 amount = auction.highestBid; auction.highestBid = 0;
  
  (bool success, ) = payable(auction.seller).call{value: amount}(""); require(success, "Transfer failed");
  
  emit FundsWithdrawn(auctionId, auction.seller, amount); }
/**
- @dev 退还失败竞标者的保证金 */ function refundDeposit(uint256 auctionId) external nonReentrant { Auction storage auction = auctions[auctionId]; require(auction.ended, "Auction not ended");
  
  BidCommitment storage bid = commitments[auctionId][msg.sender]; require(bid.hasCommitted, "No commitment");
  
  bool shouldRefund = !bid.hasRevealed || (bid.hasRevealed && msg.sender != auction.highestBidder) || auction.highestBid < auction.reservePrice;
  
  require(shouldRefund, "Cannot refund");
  
  uint256 refundAmount = bid.amount; bid.amount = 0;
  
  (bool success, ) = payable(msg.sender).call{value: refundAmount}(""); require(success, "Refund failed"); }
/**
- @dev 获取拍卖详情 */ function getAuction(uint256 auctionId) external view returns (Auction memory) { return auctions[auctionId]; }
/**
- @dev 获取竞标者承诺信息 */ function getCommitment(uint256 auctionId, address bidder) external view returns (BidCommitment memory) { return commitments[auctionId][bidder]; }
/**
- @dev 紧急暂停合约 */ function pause() external onlyOwner { _pause(); }
/**
- @dev 恢复合约 */ function unpause() external onlyOwner { _unpause(); }
/**
- @dev 接收NFT的回调函数 */ function onERC721Received( address, address, uint256, bytes calldata ) external pure override returns (bytes4) { return this.onERC721Received.selector; } }
```
#### 编译指令
```
  npx hardhat compile
```
## 智能合约部署
#### 1. NFT合约部署脚本
```
  module.exports=async ({getNamedAccounts,deployments})=>{ const {deploy,log} = deployments; const {firstAccount,secondAccount} = await getNamedAccounts(); console.log("firstAccount",firstAccount) const BoykaNFT=await deploy("BoykaNFT",{ from:firstAccount, args: [firstAccount],//参数 log: true, }) console.log('nft合约',BoykaNFT.address) }; module.exports.tags = ["all", "nft"];
```
#### 2. 第一价格密封拍卖脚本
```
  module.exports=async ({getNamedAccounts,deployments})=>{ const {deploy,log} = deployments; const {firstAccount,secondAccount} = await getNamedAccounts(); console.log("firstAccount",firstAccount) const FirstPriceSealedAuction=await deploy("FirstPriceSealedAuction",{ from:firstAccount, args: [],//参数 log: true, }) console.log('第一价格密封拍卖合约',FirstPriceSealedAuction.address) }; module.exports.tags = ["all", "FirstPriceSealedAuction"];

#### 部署指令

npx hardhat deploy --tags xxx,xxx //（例如：nft,FirstPriceSealedAuction）

## 智能合约测试
#### 第一价格密封拍卖拍卖流程测试脚本

const {ethers,getNamedAccounts,deployments} = require("hardhat"); const { assert,expect } = require("chai"); describe("FirstPriceSealedAuction",function(){ let FirstPriceSealedAuction;//合约 let nft;//合约 let addr1; let addr2; let addr3; let firstAccount//第一个账户 let secondAccount//第二个账户 let mekadate='ipfs://QmQT8VpmWQVhUhoDCEK1mdHXaFaJ3KawkRxHm96GUhrXLB'; beforeEach(async function(){ await deployments.fixture(["nft","FirstPriceSealedAuction"]); [addr1,addr2,addr3]=await ethers.getSigners();

    firstAccount=(await getNamedAccounts()).firstAccount;
    secondAccount=(await getNamedAccounts()).secondAccount;
    const nftDeployment = await deployments.get("BoykaNFT");
    nft = await ethers.getContractAt("BoykaNFT",nftDeployment.address);//已经部署的合约交互
    const FirstPriceSealedAuctionDeployment = await deployments.get("FirstPriceSealedAuction");//已经部署的合约交互
    FirstPriceSealedAuction = await ethers.getContractAt("FirstPriceSealedAuction",FirstPriceSealedAuctionDeployment.address);//已经部署的合约交互
})
describe("第一价格密封拍卖",function(){
    it("完整流程：创建、出价、揭示、结束、领取", async () => {
        // ==================== 准备阶段 ====================
        console.log("\n=== 准备阶段 ===");

        // 铸造NFT给firstAccount
        await nft.safeMint(firstAccount, mekadate);
        console.log("✓ NFT已铸造，所有者:", await nft.ownerOf(0));

        // firstAccount授权拍卖合约操作NFT
        const nftWithSeller = nft.connect(await ethers.getSigner(firstAccount));
        await nftWithSeller.approve(FirstPriceSealedAuction.target, 0);
        console.log("✓ NFT已授权给拍卖合约");

        // 创建拍卖：保留价1 ETH，commit和reveal各360秒
        const reservePrice = ethers.parseEther("1");
        const createAuctionTx = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.createAuction(
            nft.target,
            0,
            reservePrice,
            360,  // commit持续360秒
            360   // reveal持续360秒
        );
        await createAuctionTx.wait();

        const auctionId = 0;
        const auction = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.getAuction(auctionId);
        console.log("✓ 拍卖已创建，ID:", auctionId);
        console.log("  保留价:", ethers.formatEther(reservePrice), "ETH");
        console.log("  commit截止:", new Date(Number(auction.commitDeadline) * 1000).toLocaleString());
        console.log("  reveal截止:", new Date(Number(auction.revealDeadline) * 1000).toLocaleString());

        // ==================== Commit阶段 ====================
        console.log("\n=== Commit阶段 ===");

        // 准备出价：addr2出2 ETH，addr3出3 ETH
        const bidAmount2 = ethers.parseEther("2");
        const bidAmount3 = ethers.parseEther("3");
        const secret2 = 12345;
        const secret3 = 54321;

        // 计算承诺哈希
        const commitment2 = ethers.keccak256(
            ethers.AbiCoder.defaultAbiCoder().encode(
                ["uint256", "uint256"],
                [bidAmount2, secret2]
            )
        );
        const commitment3 = ethers.keccak256(
            ethers.AbiCoder.defaultAbiCoder().encode(
                ["uint256", "uint256"],
                [bidAmount3, secret3]
            )
        );

        // addr2提交承诺（发送2.5 ETH作为保证金）
        const auctionWithAddr2 = FirstPriceSealedAuction.connect(addr2);
        await auctionWithAddr2.commitBid(auctionId, commitment2, { value: ethers.parseEther("2.5") });
        console.log("✓ addr2已提交承诺，出价:", ethers.formatEther(bidAmount2), "ETH");

        // addr3提交承诺（发送3.5 ETH作为保证金）
        const auctionWithAddr3 = FirstPriceSealedAuction.connect(addr3);
        await auctionWithAddr3.commitBid(auctionId, commitment3, { value: ethers.parseEther("3.5") });
        console.log("✓ addr3已提交承诺，出价:", ethers.formatEther(bidAmount3), "ETH");

        // 验证承诺已存储
        const commitmentData2 = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.getCommitment(auctionId, addr2.address);
        const commitmentData3 = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.getCommitment(auctionId, addr3.address);
        assert.equal(commitmentData2.hasCommitted, true);
        assert.equal(commitmentData3.hasCommitted, true);

        // 快进时间到commit阶段结束
        await ethers.provider.send("evm_increaseTime", [400]); // 超过360秒
        await ethers.provider.send("evm_mine");
        console.log("⏰ 时间已推进到commit阶段结束");

        // ==================== Reveal阶段 ====================
        console.log("\n=== Reveal阶段 ===");

        // 验证当前时间已在reveal阶段
        const currentTime = await ethers.provider.getBlock('latest').then(b => b.timestamp);
        const auctionAfterCommit = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.getAuction(auctionId);
        assert.isAtLeast(currentTime, Number(auctionAfterCommit.commitDeadline));

        // addr2揭示出价
        await auctionWithAddr2.revealBid(auctionId, bidAmount2, secret2);
        console.log("✓ addr2已揭示出价");

        // addr3揭示出价
        await auctionWithAddr3.revealBid(auctionId, bidAmount3, secret3);
        console.log("✓ addr3已揭示出价");

        // 快进时间到reveal阶段结束
        await ethers.provider.send("evm_increaseTime", [400]);
        await ethers.provider.send("evm_mine");
        console.log("⏰ 时间已推进到reveal阶段结束");

        // ==================== 结束拍卖 ====================
        console.log("\n=== 结束拍卖 ===");

        // 结束拍卖
        await FirstPriceSealedAuction.endAuction(auctionId);
        console.log("✓ 拍卖已手动结束");

        // 验证拍卖状态和结果
        const endedAuction = await FirstPriceSealedAuction.getAuction(auctionId);
        assert.equal(endedAuction.ended, true);
        assert.equal(endedAuction.highestBidder, addr3.address);
        assert.equal(endedAuction.highestBid, bidAmount3);
        console.log("✓ 拍卖结果验证: addr3以", ethers.formatEther(bidAmount3), "ETH获胜");

        // ==================== 领取NFT ====================
        console.log("\n=== 领取NFT ===");

        // 验证auction.claimed状态
        assert.equal(endedAuction.claimed, false);

        // addr3领取NFT
        await auctionWithAddr3.claimNFT(auctionId);
        console.log("✓ 获胜者addr3已领取NFT");

        // 验证NFT所有权已转移
        const nftOwner = await nft.ownerOf(0);
        assert.equal(nftOwner, addr3.address);
        console.log("✓ NFT所有权已转移给addr3");

        // ==================== 提取资金 ====================
        console.log("\n=== 提取资金 ===");

        // 获取卖家提取前的余额
        const sellerBefore = await ethers.provider.getBalance(firstAccount);

        // 卖家提取拍卖资金
        const auctionWithSeller = FirstPriceSealedAuction.connect(await ethers.getSigner(firstAccount));
        const withdrawTx = await auctionWithSeller.withdrawFunds(auctionId);
        await withdrawTx.wait();
        console.log("✓ 卖家已提取拍卖资金");

        // 验证卖家余额增加（考虑gas费用）
        const sellerAfter = await ethers.provider.getBalance(firstAccount);
        const balanceIncrease = sellerAfter - sellerBefore;
        console.log("  卖家余额增加:", ethers.formatEther(balanceIncrease), "ETH");
        expect(balanceIncrease).to.be.closeTo(bidAmount3, ethers.parseEther("0.01")); // 考虑gas费用

        // ==================== 退还保证金 ====================
        console.log("\n=== 退还保证金 ===");

        // addr2（失败者）取回保证金
        const addr2BalanceBefore = await ethers.provider.getBalance(addr2.address);
        await auctionWithAddr2.refundDeposit(auctionId);
        const addr2BalanceAfter = await ethers.provider.getBalance(addr2.address);

        const addr2Refund = addr2BalanceAfter - addr2BalanceBefore;
        console.log("✓ 失败者addr2已取回保证金:", ethers.formatEther(addr2Refund), "ETH");
        expect(addr2Refund).to.be.closeTo(ethers.parseEther("2.5"), ethers.parseEther("0.01"));

        // 验证获胜者addr3不能取回保证金
        try {
            await auctionWithAddr3.refundDeposit(auctionId);
            assert.fail("获胜者不应该能取回保证金");
        } catch (error) {
            console.log("✓ 获胜者无法取回保证金（预期行为）");
        }

        console.log("\n🎉 完整拍卖流程测试通过！");
    });
})

})

#### 测试指令

npx hardhat test ./test/xxx.js //(例如：FirstPriceSealedAuction.js)


# 总结
至此，第一价格密封拍卖智能合约全流程实现已完成。该机制以"密封出价、价高者得"为核心，通过Commit-Reveal模式与保留价判定保障链上竞价公平性。开发基于OpenZeppelin构建安全架构，测试运用Hardhat完成多场景验证，最终部署为NFT竞拍提供透明可信的技术方案。

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第一价格密封拍卖智能合约全流程实现指南

前言

概念

特征

拍卖流程

智能合约开发、测试、部署

智能合约

1. NFT智能合约

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