为PQC数字证书做好准备

准备好迎接 PQC 数字证书

互联网上的大多数数字证书都包含 RSA 或 ECC 公钥。 这些由受信任签名者 (Trent) 的私钥签名：

在这种情况下，Bob 使用 CSR（代码签名请求）将其公钥发送给 Trent。 然后，Trent 获取此公钥，然后创建一个 X.509 证书，并使用 Trent 的私钥签名。 Bob 将取回证书并可以将其传递给 Alice。 然后 Alice 使用 Trent 的公钥验证证书。 如果受信任，Alice 现在将拥有 Bob 的公钥。

但是，随着 RSA 和 ECC 密钥容易受到 Shor 算法的攻击，所有这些都将改变。 因此，我们是否必须转向使用 ML-DSA 或 SLH-DSA 公钥的 PKI（公钥基础设施），以及由 ML-DSA 或 SLH-DSA 私钥签名的证书。

创建数字证书

下面显示了生成密钥和创建 CSR 的过程：

创建 ML-DSA 或 SLH-DSA 证书

对于自签名数字证书，我们可以创建一个带有以下内容的 SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128s 密钥对[ 这里]：

openssl genpkey -algorithm SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128s -out ml_priv.pem
openssl pkey -in ml_priv.pem -pubout -out ml_pub.pem

然后使用公钥来创建一个 CSR（代码签名请求）并传递给证书的签名者 [ 这里]：

openssl x509 - req -in mldsa.csr - signkey ml_priv.pem -out mldsa_cert.pem - days 365

最后，我们可以通过使用签名者的私钥签名来创建证书 [ 这里]：

openssl req -new - key ml_priv.pem -out mldsa.csr
   -subj "/C=UK/ST=Lothian/L=Edinburgh/O=Computing/OU=Security/CN=example.asecuritysite.com

一个示例运行是[ 这里]：

私钥：
    0:d=0 hl=2 l=  82 cons: SEQUENCE
    2:d=1 hl=2 l=   1 prim: INTEGER           :00
    5:d=1 hl=2 l=  11 cons: SEQUENCE
    7:d=2 hl=2 l=   9 prim: OBJECT            :SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128s
   18:d=1 hl=2 l=  64 prim: OCTET STRING      [HEX DUMP]:EE712C552F38C2F2BF2B5AF44325B7A6791B2FDCB44DF4C3F2D4AD59821E7943EAB4C99E995D305B239F9EF6BB800D0B8F262510314DB2E7510D34F29B5AFF23
公钥：
    0:d=0 hl=2 l=  48 cons: SEQUENCE
    2:d=1 hl=2 l=  11 cons: SEQUENCE
    4:d=2 hl=2 l=   9 prim: OBJECT            :SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128s
   15:d=1 hl=2 l=  33 prim: BIT STRING
--------创建代码签名请求-----
--------创建数字证书-----
数字证书：
证书：
    数据：
        版本：3 (0x2)
        序列号：
            6f:0b:7d:08:59:a0:e8:83:75:3b:a4:b1:e9:25:17:7c:75:51:ac:b3
        签名算法：SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128s
        颁发者：C=UK, ST=Lothian, L=Edinburgh, O=Computing, OU=Security, CN=example.asecuritysite.com
        有效期
            起始时间：Dec 20 20:05:46 2025 GMT
            截止时间：Dec 20 20:05:46 2026 GMT
        主题：C=UK, ST=Lothian, L=Edinburgh, O=Computing, OU=Security, CN=example.asecuritysite.com
        主题公钥信息：
            公钥算法：SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128s
                SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128s 公钥：
                pub:
                    ea:b4:c9:9e:99:5d:30:5b:23:9f:9e:f6:bb:80:0d:
                    0b:8f:26:25:10:31:4d:b2:e7:51:0d:34:f2:9b:5a:
                    ff:23
        X509v3 扩展：
            X509v3 主题密钥标识符：
                25:EB:60:8E:7F:49:04:DB:3A:F4:61:ED:A2:CD:E6:71:D2:F1:AF:A3
    签名算法：SLH-DSA-SHAKE-128s
    签名值：
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        25:23:9a:59:1a:a2:25:05:43:d7:f6:cd:bb:4c:c2:91:c7:58:
        7b:0a:ad:fa:27:03:76:4d:77:64:ed:f7:64:1a:2a:97:6b:4e:
        5f:58:e7:49:b3:1c:fc:f5:03:b1:19:d2:5f:ed:77:b9:af:86:
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82:42:7c:41:75:1c:34:4b:9d:ff:34:82:07:4b:47:69:98:ac:
93:42:93:69:ca:ec:aa:1f:86:b0:1b:c5:5c:5a:d4:e6:3b:3f:
fc:ac:c5:8d:94:32:62:01:25:bb:51:6f:ae:e9:86:7f:44:2e:
5c:20:a5:4f:2c:0d:ca:31:2a:2e:57:46:a0:87:94:1e:d6:9f:
63:70:b2:45:5d:06:5f:14:d8:05:34:29:37:28:96:b0:60:b7:
d7:db:46:47:01:b1:36:bd:10:e7:10:9d:37:b9:91:33:91:06:
1f:a4:ce:68:8a:83:4a:cc:1a:8d:29:8f:1c:af:1f:e7:1e:15:
d8:5d:15:fa:d1:14:26:73:ed:45:97:71:5a:7a:df:b4:2a:f0:
f6:70:45:8f:4a:a3:62:48:19:e7:5b:72:23:af:6f:49:b1:d6:
c7:07:9a:56:f7:98:3b:11:0c:1a:03:97:77:b9:42:f6:9f:c5:
2b:13:6b:9c:f7:9a:5f:ea:9d:31:f6:ac:0b:45:a5:fc:4b:00:
7b:4f:2b:8f:ec:32:7c:f2:63:d9:39:e7:d3:71:33:dd:c5:4a:
5e:6e:72:39:1f:f0:58:d0:d6:f7:27:68:b1:29:a2:ee:95:34:
b7:4c:81:89:27:65:32:38:ca:8c:f5:fc:ca:30:d5:86:99:38:
17:05:25:cd:9c:71:29:f7:76:4f:e4:d1:b2:6b:ae:c2:bb:b3:
86:36:e2:e6:7d:e2:ae:87:8a:69:e5:72:d9:41:3e:11:fa:e1:
ea:6d:ee:9c:c7:59:cb:ba:ae:9f:40:e2:97:6a:22:82:95:8f:
a1:4e:b9:83:37:3f:23:59:7c:8f:5c:5a:4d:f0:91:05:3d:d7:
a0:f8:88:58:c0:a0:34:ce:79:17:30:b6:af:6f:54:5c:2a:66:
dc:db:b2:21:95:74:00:bb:09:45:f8:7f:32:cc:53:50:57:26:
3d:90:db:1b:9d:dd:be:cd:4b:25:e0:70:b1:fc:aa:b2:fe:20:
7a:15:7e:9e:9c:f0:47:e3:f7:8c:20:b2:eb:b9:f7:9e:7e:23:
d2:98:bc:b4:5a:02:14:87:1b:58:9c:0f:be:68:7f:ea:00:cc:
f0:32:19:26:f0:a7:50:61:40:86:78:7c:d3:c8:52:ff:72:e4:
73:fd:13:db:fb:21:3a:88:24:51:ec:1d:ac:ca:cc:f4:c1:e0:
a6:2b:7f:af:be:0c:6d:7d:20:fa:4b:9e:73:97:d6:9e:3e:f1:
38:c8:c2:69:b1:02:51:15:16:4a:2e:ed:0e:25:d4:ec:0d:f5:
17:1b:ee:63:d7:d5:8f:f3:62:a4:58:68:f7:53:04:f6:52:2f:
a7:b1:00:c2:dd:b5:25:bf:fe:c8:19:ae:be:95:f2:68:40:5e:
fd:45:a9:fe:e1:09:6b:91:f5:e9:90:61:67:93:9f:50:0f:a2:
3d:2f:02:d2:c1:b2:8e:dd:39:d3:2b:de:e5:8e:23:e0:4f:7b:
2e:a6:ea:f3:cd:ee:ef:8f:39:37:be:f2:56:4a:21:01:a3:30:
39:01:93:8f:56:27:48:64:bd:85:77:b0:a7:ee:36:30:7e:8c:
23:ef:d8:76:32:05:39:31:c3:d6:c0:57:78:e8:4a:db:11:77:
e0:c3:37:71:85:91:38:07:3c:bd:f5:50:34:18:c3:ec:ae:f1:
70:24:dc:eb:98:cd:e4:d6:1a:a2:c2:c3:3d:37:f8:db:dd:96:
34:32:04:d9:3a:6a:23:e9:69:ff:e7:b3:b0:c9:02:16:2a:b0:
0b:bf:9a:46:3f:a5:98:6c:24:bd:ab:57:ee:7e:66:9c:ca:31:
8c:d4:5b:7f:2b:2e:22:04:f7:9e:e2:34:34:6e:d7:f1:f5:9b:
a3:65:3d:95:89:fb:59:88:8a:bc:1b:1e:a6:54:db:6c:5c:2a:
a0:11:f6:55:2a:44:99:32:17:20:9a:14:4d:be:d9:e5:6e:1c:
cd:3c:d2:24:e1:a1:2c:b9:d0:5c:d3:aa:3c:5d:b7:6d:08:21:
b8:89:ab:8a:46:fd:81:6b:3f:fa:8c:29:06:4f:eb:85:5c:78:
05:ad:01:e5:6d:5c:51:ee:4d:33:4a:b9:73:62:d6:09:5f:02:
59:f0:49:09:79:b1:13:53:49:11:16:1b:80:08:02:4e:14:a3:
f7:14:fc:51:45:80:95:45:c5:9f:2f:02:3f:64:52:a7:87:97:
de:23:22:3a:e4:a5:f9:39:21:b1:cf:61:26:0f:14:18:c6:7d:
4e:eb:86:8c:c4:d0:51:1c:a4:23:a2:c3:2f:e2:c6:08:3f:c3:
85:69:1b:d7:b1:2a:d0:39:7c:8f:b5:f8:3e:98:a8:a3:be:40:
61:c2:df:d1:80:f3:5e:4d:d2:8b:e1:28:7b:70:0a:5c:1f:79:
a0:2f:47:21:ff:38:5e:73:bf:12:33:47:0f:1f:2e:c1:8a:33:
3a:b9:ca:75:22:48:4e:70:43:ad:28:61:b8:d9:ef:2a:22:f2:
e8:d8:b3:be:ee:5c:90:a8:d3:ba:ab:33:c6:54:97:ad:75:68:
d6:36:67:44:d9:e0:ad:84:ea:88:f7:0d:ae:fa:03:d7:90:2f:
ea:2d:39:e3:86:ec:03:ef:d2:ee:8c:3b:35:b3:6a:78:c4:30:
df:a1:7d:3d:f1:3a:83:4f:42:2a:a5:c3:2b:bd:02:a9:cf:19:
95:38:90:80:98:26:6b:97:01:55:01:ea:f5:e9:74:eb:0a:3f:
94:e2:0e:bf:97:ef:09:ef:e7:32:18:2e:d4:60:39:fe:cd:ef:
a1:cd:e0:1d:f5:8b:6a:dc:92:51:dd:3a:97:5a:d1:5f:6f:8e:
d5:f1:88:f6:ef:c7:e6:50:b6:01:6b:4b:0f:ae:6a:37:c4:35:
59:39:41:15:cd:ba:b3:da:30:ba:73:68:8f:34:93:a3:d1:43:
22:1a:2a:d9:f2:4e:56:02:ec:0b:3e:c3:f8:1f:98:d1:7b:cd:
30:4c:50:3c:99:73:6b:fa:cc:9c:b7:0d:4f:c8:7e:cf:74:92:
12:01:fa:e4:52:a4:85:ea:f4:06:2d:a1:f8:f0:21:70:d6:20:
b5:a1:e7:72:29:1c:74:c5:98:6f:48:51:91:54:c9:48:36:23:
55:e8:2b:d5:92:11:07:b9:33:0b:7d:9f:b2:8e:dc:07:02:44:
8f:43:cc:ad:50:54:be:bb:e1:b1:c6:65:8a:0a:44:71:19:61:
74:78:ee:38:9b:16:3b:5a:c4:f1:57:a2:dd:8b:89:6e:3e:6c:
ad:15:2b:ef:00:ba:8a:bf:12:6e:60:bf:e9:89:cb:ea:1b:c9:
e2:0a:38:16:84:55:42:0e:2d:66:f9:26:b9:c1:ab:a2:34:5c:
01:35:5e:f5:10:2e:89:99:1d:39:5d:18:e6:45:4f:f0:d7:da:
ab:52:9e:b5:67:1e:3e:78:79:fb:21:47:9a:94:ae:0f:b7:7d:
a1:29:62:ff:52:40:63:a0:a1:64:49:f7:d7:db:9b:b6:ee:94:
89:55:a1:c6:33:29:e0:0f:19:b9:97:d1:5e:3f:14:19:a1:a4:
1f:d8:c4:4f:94:c5:d6:b7:6d:1f:cd:87:18:32:ff:39:d0:45:
c9:05:fd:f9:ac:55:6f:1a:75:ad:71:17:6a:3d:9f:67:49:0f:
a0:4a:30:00:40:0e:7f:14:db:bf:00:e7:d5:ff:ae:da:31:0a:
ff:51:c7:ad:8a:be:16:bc:eb:9d:96:ce:07:fb:ac:2c:b4:f9:
f2:03:d7:98:ac:5f:2f:07:33:d5:f2:f0:31:25:ce:d9:26:89:
09:43:8e:ce:1c:74:44:96:85:ab:3a:64:37:69:12:da:61:d6:
cc:8e:3b:3c:c2:60:48:ba:48:02:cd:09:d7:0c:a5:e8:9e:62:
fa:81:82:4d:45:23:b3:4d:97:42:02:e0:36:c2:c8:44:82:1c:
ae:65:33:3f:43:07:6c:c1:06:44:e0:1e:b9:bb:b0:8f:e5:6c:
a2:f4:71:99:53:84:f1:26:4f:84:80:fb:7c:2b:38:9c:20:7e:
d6:1a:e3:4f:9b:9a:92:38:6f:b1:57:ed:7f:54:99:1c:06:cc:
26:2c:08:f9:89:82:93:14:74:fe:41:17:8a:36:d3:a7:0b:b2:
0d:42:72:15:3d:20:05:a2:27:65:ed:1b:04:94:59:60:5f:6b:
f6:96:82:a2:c8:05:81:56:fe:e5:d3:2f:d3:ee:dd:90:61:17:
2b:4e:2a:d4:5e:b6:77:8a:0c:2e:1f:0e:2e:73:2c:23:89:63:
bb:71:f5:de:18:1b:ee:0a:d1:df:b8:1c:09:0b:86:65:9e:71:
b1:bd:6d:18:47:f2:59:07:77:94:d5:1d:cf:98:0b:d0:bd:de:
6d:a4:8f:c9:6d:73:7f:8d:81:5d:b2:45:62:9a:e1:14:01:53:
e4:51:1d:17:0c:87:53:85:5c:a0:5f:92:86:d8:bb:ca:2a:bc:
3e:fd:9c:57:f6:7d:aa:15:da:29:aa:40:dc:4a:c6:40:e6:cb:
57:35:2d:9e:67:58:26:d9:75:5e:0b:cc:97:e0:0d:30:14:b7:
61:d9:51:2d:fa:89:c8:5b:7e:93:3f:18:cd:c6:9e:9c:2f:d5:
56:d9:c8:55:1a:20:19:74:14:91:ae:a6:79:b7:0a:68:f9:e5:
42:ef:a9:9c:a2:d6:d8:7b:d7:54:ee:0a:80:5d:d3:1f:37:27:
a3:83:00:f9:b5:74:ce:59:41:5b:b1:8f:f3:e7:3f:79:95:ba:
66:ff:8d:32:7d:6b:f8:47:e2:16:fe:4f:92:52:ad:93:dc:ca:
fc:78:ad:9c:cb:93:5f:71:91:b8:4e:29:06:89:3d:30:59:cb:
8a:98:57:5c:27:e0:22:c3:2e:29:48:4e:35:36:ed:66:77:47:
a5:f6:42:89:f9:c5:c8:ef:69:33:65:9f:6b:cb:46:45:df:1e:
1c:62:7d:d5:79:43:ed:50:87:0f:d3:4f:bb:55:3c:d5:0b:db:
93:cd:ba:c0:d5:f7:7e:8a:9b:37:9d:2e:96:6c:6b:c1:79:5e:
d4:f1:56:56:d4:be:26:8a:16:80:1f:88:4e:72:e5:b2:cf:e9:
7c:f8:c5:84:b1:97:db:f2:6d:56:80:3b:d6:cc:7d:97:69:a2:
52:e4:e7:2b:d3:b5:4a:48:db:d7:54:08:e9:f9:34:c2:b0:3d:
c6:37:92:2d:fc:61:6e:b9:c2:e1:a3:02:9b:5e:74:ea:70:da:
8b:81:ae:5c:06:89:68:be:7a:af:1e:e3:b5:92:a4:4b:f5:c3:
1e:f2:a3:75:ff:87:74:e0:fb:c0:08:14:d8:c1:5c:54:5d:ee:
ce:a1:c8:03:96:4d:2a:e9:d9:ab:ab:2a:ce:95:f7:f6:be:bc:
33:48:3c:c0:b3:f1:be:55:85:61:e5:ce:4c:82:58:d3:30:eb:
de:a1:52:e5:7e:2e:da:75:5a:ec:25:fe:ca:e9:a7:fb:9b:55:
ab:11:66:f0:bb:91:27:ae:12:c6:38:9a:bf:5d:48:42:66:0d:
3b:f5:16:01:0d:3d:a9:6c:5c:e2:19:53:96:1e:ff:9b:41:78:
3a:b7:a4:80:29:e0:d3:1b:ab:d7:43:88:cb:11:2a:ca:a0:3d:
79:b5:89:e8:ec:80:e1:fd:0a:68:6b:92:e3:25:fe:6f:b8:83:
9b:d2:fe:ac:a6:ea:eb:32:9b:29:56:d0:13:55:7d:15:f9:78:
19:96:25:1e:be:3a:d4:a6:ce:75:b8:4f:2c:ee:56:27:34:33:
70:55:1e:24:93:58:dc:24:03:9c:01:a6:79:45:c7:71:9a:08:
67:ce:57:c0:14:89:7d:37:da:93:9e:90:a2:d7:e3:48:76:36:
75:41:67:77:96:c1:9a:5e:8e:77:90:d0:ed:59:dc:c4:f6:72:
95:d4:61:b7:86:fb:a4:3d:03:c7:94:f0:8d:9e:56:8d:ac:06:
0b:e0:5d:32:f0:e3:eb:8f:e1:79:ec:bd:e3:fc:2a:32:0e:b4:
7a:95:25:b5:bb:61:6a:fa:ab:a6:d3:f8:c7:86:57:5d:db:05:
97:12:75:0a:1a:55:b7:37:7a:87:02:8d:a2:b4:c9:55:60:aa:
95:8f:1e:8a:d6:b4:fb:cd:f3:1a:d2:f7:8c:ff:cc:56:2f:aa:
0c:87:e2:84:fb:89:5d:b0:4b:b0:1f:98:f9:b3:95:bc:11:fc:
ce:9b:88:d0:30:d5:b5:51:35:0b:a6:61:ed:03:a3:32:1b:c7:
35:49:3d:83:cc:85:ea:62:5f:67:a6:32:33:2f:5a:48:c4:2e:
65:a3:ea:c6:69:70:85:39:2c:d8:46:c0:ec:7d:2b:1e:5a:d0:
20:df:fa:42:a0:5c:15:da:60:3d:c8:40:6e:10:25:a5:b7:8e:
14:f4:eb:53:79:28:42:af:0b:1d:66:75:b3:a8:21:17:74:e7:
f3:37:96:2a:88:de:9a:16:e5:87:d9:a4:7d:61:90:0d:db:aa:
ed:35:ec:72:9c:6d:cd:fd:74:77:0a:40:ad:a1:16:8b:90:e3:
cb:cd:0a:8d:59:79:ba:7e:d3:43:19:c7:d5:0d:49:ac:b6:5f:
d8:4c:4a:8f:76:6f:a3:45:f6:41:b0:8a:c8:a6:1e:a4:db:08:
d2:dd:1d:ad:92:f5:bf:69:c0:bb:bb:04:2e:d4:6e:16:33:cd:
89:a0:6b:d2:00:06:af:5e:cd:3a:d4:be:aa:de:16:a2:9f:e4:
1d:70:ff:00:65:44:47:8c:e8:aa:00:97:f1:a1:10:c9:4c:fc:
10:e6:ca:c4:68:0c:2a:c0:d4:8a:ea:df:81:28:a0:ee:01:5e:
4c:7b:5d:da:34:03:9f:72:1b:d5:ac:d6:81:bf:02:3a:bf:a0:
a6:01:cf:89:aa:90:6a:8f:62:b7:df:8d:0a:e1:2f:bf:7a:e2:
57:cf:57:b7:f3:fd:8f:33:bc:9a:d7:16:37:cc:bb:4a:c2:06:
7f:d5:85:60:4c:51:8d:da:1a:99:27:c8:c3:dd:eb:67:dd:d0:
c3:e2:c5:1b:68:ce:38:ae:0f:78:b3:46:bd:f4:a1:11:ff:ca:
ee:71:4b:5f:ab:5e:48:93:fa:dd:85:95:ce:24:67:5e:61:84:
f6:63:b5:ae:20:35:6e:50:20:73:3a:4b:40:39:ca:22:9e:90:
f3:5e:e6:60:6a:5c:d0:8b:60:4a:64:fc:f0:7f:a3:59:03:14:
b3:b4:10:2c:19:82:89:a8:c7:27:1c:c1:a1:e4:30:dc:15:b4:
a6:62:37:a7:1b:fb:42:92:11:53:ed:8b:0e:fe:9e:af:68:41:
5e:a7:e6:c2:5b:10:0f:fa:f1:49:d2:7e:da:d6:28:05:03:ca:
82:a2:89:ec:88:b2:67:be:63:d4:c7:ff:03:39:a0:ec:d4:4e:
d2:0e:a2:97:37:02:f7:dc:94:4b:fa:56:c2:b8:a6:58:88:ad:
41:5b:81:b4:08:a9:1d:aa:ca:f5:d1:a5:b4:e8:```
1a:95:33:87:e3:f4:03:9c:6b:87:df:c5:fd:2c:4a:31:5e:67:
        b2:b1:9c:a1:ba:82:93:a7:6d:04:10:18:bb:c4:ac:6d:6b:d6:
        38:88:dc:04:a7:0f:5d:55:56:89:19:ee:a3:a5:b2:ed:d8:7f:
        58:93:1d:a0:d7:af:40:a5:0a:dd:ae:ff:7f:c9:33:13:55:53:
        de:a4:da:82:ac:c1:5f:53:8f:ec:8d:bf:4d:57:ae:f8:61:82:
        e4:33:f3:f7:28:69:97:b7:44:e7:00:e4:3d:10:fb:93:48:67:
        08:30:43:64:f2:71:7f:1e:9b:38:43:a7:c3:a6:13:67:d7:cf:
        74:a9:77:54:e3:42:ce:cd:19:67:48:1f:e3:34:64:0f:eb:78:
        d5:ad:70:8e:16:d4:c8:fe:19:a1:eb:33:d6:3f:29:5a:39:c0:
        73:ec:c1:ef:2e:c9:0e:be:b8:69:10:72:fc:cc:a5:e9:d8:a9:
        39:ea:b7:11:45:7f:ba:71:87:79:42:c4:6d:f7:10:37:63:75:
        9d:a2:63:fb:4d:4d:1a:8d:7a:3f:be:ca:2d:33:ae:fa:59:47:
        75:d3:f3:4b:d0:40:0f:54:c2:a0:1e:58:61:20:3f:c7:86:af:
        fa:d2:c9:0b:33:36:5d:10:71:ce:4e:d8:ad:1e:63:90:1d:5c:
        2e:38:c3:44:2c:f9:6d:91:b9:2f:ea:3d:9b:d9:1f:38:4c:5d:
        4e:c6:73:cc:9b:84:7c:59:ce:5f:de:75:18:11:2c:ab:36:9d:
        5b:3e:ed:3f:84:f1:3e:a4:3f:36:52:bc:07:ba:12:b5:d1:d5:
        99:d9:e2:7b:7c:3c:5e:be:15:b5:49:03:46:08:c5:ee:93:a3:
        7e:9f:16:90:0c:f8:90:51:47:94:55:dc:32:80:8b:a9:63:5c:
        36:e4:14:d3:ae:f2:f4:ee:f9:af:47:ae:e6:73:f5:44:ed:70:
        1e:dd:5f:fc:a6:17:61:87:e6:00:b7:65:eb:07:ab:4b:6e:0e:
        2f:fb:30:95:a3:b6:eb:6b:fc:b1:84:49:72:ef:0e:f1:ba:92:
        01:fe:2e:79:78:16:06:b9:65:c3:96:34:5c:4a:69:74:00:52:
        36:e9:76:ec:2d:bc:77:0c:bc:d2:7d:67:d4:d5:57:6e:8b:de:
        e0:d0:b1:2c:4e:97:c3:f4:01:6a:95:8e:b7:ca:16:c8:0d:6a:
        93:d0:94:4e:e0:66:7e:aa:2a:97:eb:fc:4d:ac:fc:c9:09:ce:
        7a:cf:87:fb:01:7d:ed:98:5c:a3:f6:2e:61:ab:dc:40:24:c0:
        56:9c:26:9f:8c:9a:7f:aa:a8:c6:e0:8d:c6:c7:ee:54:40:7b:
        16:a0:eb:1d:52:3a:b7:15:64:71:50:33:ff:74:b4:09:54:c2:
        a8:60:3f:53:97:27:ca:ae:2d:6d:11:90:38:68:5b:f9:39:e1:
        73:81:d7:9e:c4:f5:fd:5d:fa:8b:69:dd:7d:49:d2:f0:b1:61:
        4c:f6:05:c6:86:f6:8f:a5:58:df:2a:76:83:ac:6a:78:13:b5:
        16:1d:c6:9f:ca:fb:65:16:d9:0e:55:63:00:f0:23:3a:36:00:
        3d:83:7c:7a:81:85:e5:09:72:61:02:06:58:64:3d:fd:83:96:
        58:68:82:c3:90:67:de:b1:97:74:db:d5:60:15:d8:41:22:08:
        d2:56:0d:bf:68:55:ed:b9:16:69:c8:8d:5a:27:b1:27:30:7a:
        9d:4b:4c:b7:37:fd:07:eb:64:e3:da:44:d6:49:56:55:15:52:
        44:84:ee:af:ce:09:12:f0:d5:c8:36:8c:a3:75:7d:91:26:7d:
        70:67:a3:85:33:59:8f:86:09:25:45:05:9b:59:47:04:15:6f:
        8d:b8:8c:ac:1f:b1:29:83:bc:bc:ef:da:58:ec:c0:51:3e:6e:
        c3:3a:17:4a:b5:ae:51:19:54:74:2a:1c:64:db:71:99:27:84:
        ab:16:b5:cd:24:c5:7a:3b:08:8f:ab:43:fe:8a:94:63:bd:f0:
        94:51:04:e2:f8:b5:63:81:36:34:4b:77:96:aa:eb:ba:09:82:
        82:1d:06:c7:00:90:67:8f:b0:e6:5b:1d:9b:1e:ff:eb:7b:6b:
        60:ce:d3:75:de:d9:46:65:37:7d:f0:f4:62:98:d3:cc:20:20:
        12:14:8c:39:21:6c:fd:64:97:dd:32:f4:68:d3:7d:34:14:1c:
        73:7b:c1:ba:7f:f9:61:60:2c:49:b9:9b:bb:45:66:fa:35:0e:
        fd:56:b1:96:b7:c9:96:b5:1b:d1:95:ba:99:53:1e:50:86:4a:
        6d:4e:dd:e1:37:4c:d7:ae:9d:b6:29:d9:1d:5c:e6:01:ac:f1:
        75:01:bc:aa:3d:36:c3:97:f0:f0:7e:b0:c5:2c:bd:c8:5a:09:
        2f:e2:a9:8e:40:07:d9:17:8c:4e:9c:80:40:ae:59:b1:0b:0f:
        df:d5:c8:fa:f7:5e:8b:f5:d9:ec:cc:d7:17:5e:b0:fd:f2:85:
        c8:1e:5a:63:52:5d:55:03:d8:22:5c:80:6a:fd:91:c5:96:35:
        8c:67:14:99:31:52:f0:08:01:eb:55:8a:76:af:88:92:a3:f9:
        4b:8b:99:11:1f:ba:e0:f6:8e:a2:da:25:b2:00:da:b6:22:8a:
        ec:0e:34:1e:1e:5d:0a:3b:b3:4a:5f:16:1a:53:65:c0:cf:d5:
        15:db:0e:a6:07:09:bd:f4:22:7f:bb:59:0a:d8:95:a9:a8:0b:
        1a:fa:0e:19:1e:62:8f:e3:e5:8f:97:28:3c:7a:5c:6b:38:b2:
        6f:3f:10:5f:d7:b9:ba:6d:f5:57:96:4f:ff:6d:47:b6:2b:1b:
        ea:2d:28:94:a0:f5:22:78:f7:25:20:e1:ab:af:c9:5f:14:46:
        d4:35:08:ab:04:bf:44:c5:3d:df:f9:55:82:fd:47:05:37:fa:
        e6:db:f0:af:c6:bc:18:d3:dc:dc:39:17:59:ce:7f:67:f1:4f:
        12:2a:c0:3a:36:62:ea:d8:03:a7:91:05:35:ef:2b:a7:30:27:
        ef:95:3b:8e:0b:4e:c6:0b:74:71:58:72:d1:69:e4:f2:95:59:
        b5:42:6d:bc:87:ae:67:87:bb:64:f3:ca:ba:f3:53:b4:c6:51:
        5e:d9:df:3a:8f:e8:ff:af:86:55:77:8c:55:7b:34:d3:8f:2a:
        52:e3:2f:3f:10:c5:ff:90:9d:16:55:54:e9:41:b4:c1:78:5e:
        28:a6:72:96:4e:09:df:fb:e7:f9:5a:27:16:dd:a6:3c:54:53:
        7d:09:ee:f6:d6:f7:aa:5b:9d:0c:bc:24:bd:06:5c:4a:d3:4d:
        54:05:f9:40:11:6a:a7:44:1b:35:dc:50:33:5d:0d:15:5c:54:
        b4:39:c6:96:8b:e7:38:a3:1c:99:bd:72:c3:21:09:20:2f:5f:
        2c:fc:4c:48:6d:af:28:a4:49:06:57:81:82:89:8c:cd:37:0c:
        a4:c9:80:d8:55:fe:ac:1f:a4:43:d7:1c:ab:e7:0c:a6:ea:64:
        e2:ee:d3:6b:d5:10:b1:a5:62:e4:f3:71:4b:db:7d:94:1d:bc:
        43:07:30:05:4c:ef:e4:7b:d0:99:b1:e7:81:f6:f8:b9:aa:35:
        5c:bd:18:8a:d9:49:15:3a:87:9c:bb:95:02:5a:e8:1d:fe:5b:
        b2:c6:7b:bd:5c:29:ac:fc:c6:8f:18:ec:43:b2:58:e2:56:ff:
        c0:b6:8e:9e:4d:33:a5:74:1c:ed:c2:27:28:b7:5b:4b:59:74:
        a0:f2:7d:a5:4e:7d:4b:ad:50:a8:a9:bc:2a:b6:65:8e:95:2e:
        fb:e8:40:7c:2a:ab:33:92:e0:1c:e6:c8:f8:c5:39:44:7c:fe:
        b3:77:92:07:ea:d4:18:4f:f5:2b:e1:26:8b:12:8b:f8:4f:19:
        0b:0a:39:6b:eb:f9:27:73:ac:dc:b7:f5:fa:04:c8:3e:5d:0c:
        9d:f0:62:80:ca:6c:a7:71:d6:3e:f1:a2:99:a3:43:08:42:01:
        9a:89:25:d3:b1:6f:cf:ad:27:53:dc:13:ed:6a:fa:e3:5e:41:
        8b:75:ed:c2:8f:d0:25:6d:b7:c6:e1:9f:85:5e:6e:b4:ec:a8:
        84:02:82:5c:b6:37:25:73:e3:20:dc:db:06:aa:6e:12:b0:8b:
        61:99:c2:25:55:49:d2:fc:88:bf:3c:ec:b9:62:de:f7:30:54:
        94:e6:b1:31:5d:24:be:e9:17:4b:03:9c:8e:04:cb:03:ae:41:
        93:05:7e:eb:fe:1c:cd:b4:9a:1f:d9:31:a7:a3:f1:b3:8c:89:
        dc:1d:9b:9f:bd:d0:9e:68:ee:55:4e:64:9e:4c:4b:f0:21:03:
        33:49:da:5d:7f:6e:50:b7:26:2c:54:a2:c5:cf:fa:df:6e:7c:
        45:eb:75:2f:0f:b6:6f:92:64:ba:e7:98:54:ba:16:31:ca:a6:
        74:fc:07:96:98:1b:51:27:05:25:e5:bc:30:3f:95:7d:62:b1:
        79:5b:43:54:6b:cb:21:f7:b4:51:fd:87:e5:ea:ad:6a:68:78:
        6d:37:67:70:68:0d:28:fc:c6:a8:ab:66:aa:69:16:e7:da:07:
        18:3d:bd:12:05:1d:30:0f:23:f8:05:15:a2:30:6e:3a:e4:33:
        2e:69:5c:17:d2:55:10:33:13:d3:38:f8:b8:8f:b9:37:7c:f2:
        fe:1b:64:d9:bc:eb:2a:fd:be:ea:1e:f7:8f:52:ed:46:36:4d:
        a5:a5:35:a1:49:23:a6:3c:da:9f:4b:e1:91:10:da:26:15:b7:
        76:3f:4b:9f:62:1f:fd:6f:94:14:75:64:d7:34:81:6c:75:79:
        a6:31:bb:bb:ea:50:c5:de:8d:9e:24:59:4f:a7:a6:32:d6:e3:
        3a:2d:d6:4c:54:b9:39:71:0a:d5:ea:3b:db:a2:5a:6c:6d:88:
        38:ea:57:29:ab:be:e6:ce:1d:17:64:a8:5d:b8:52:7c:4d:66:
        ec:ab:5d:8f:2f:d1:e6:a7:cf:7a:79:7a:af:03:76:83:4e:3c:
        c3:e2:ed:1a:58:0c:43:49:df:55:d3:49:cb:31:27:d4:29:78:
        c4:e8:84:23:f4:de:0c:49:a5:33:46:ac:9c:c3:5e:cf:2b:d4:
        c1:7b:8f:fb:6b:05:a6:38:7e:03:18:93:b6:a7:b4:65:31:12:
        01:0f:e9:11:df:02:c4:36:7a:dc:2e:0b:60:57:fe:99:4a:be:
        c5:c4:8a:19:2b:f3:a7:11:aa:7d:54:7a:73:c8:e9:d1:6d:57:
        e1:23:7d:77:6a:2d:ff:a3:f4:48:aa:ba:ad:26:2e:c4:2a:e5:
        9a:d9:d5:e8:d6:a4:f2:ae:0e:86:cf:78:ef:91:91:9c:d8:28:
        91:0a:d4:73:0a:64:2e:64:3a:29:b1:f8:14:90:3a:7e:6b:43:
        bb:22:95:f5:b0:bd:a0:1c:d1:8c:47:7f:58:b4:3d:ab:f3:ef:
        39:10:bd:4a:ef:83:b9:f6:6c:42:ea:98:46:fa:ca:1d:b6:9a:
        20:11:e4:ac:b9:cb:57:17:42:3e:71:e2:86:75:d8:a7:18:76:
        39:69:b3:9d:d0:0b:b3:db:4b:cf:e4:b3:37:da:c5:10:a0:4e:
        48:3a:f7:b5:f5:97:fa:c3:96:cd:d1:55:04:74:08:f0:62:ba:
        56:bb:aa:e4:7e:1a:1d:92:c9:72:a7:ad:69:be:b1:49:1a:2f:
        6e:cf:35:dc:c3:f7:40:74:01:e0:8f:35:95:38:e8:9a:04:d4:
        3e:97:a8:68:a9:5b:6e:63:47:a4:84:c5:47:27:10:6c:00:8e:
        7c:60:40:fa:ad:19:3b:47:79:ba:9d:cf:3d:ba:ab:c0:9f:1e:
        53:89:28:c3:d8:31:cf:45:0a:27:ac:84:7f:98:41:6e:ad:0e:
        bf:70:db:ad:a0:6c:1e:8e:c6:f2:ec:59:a6:3c:07:5b:25:e8:
        07:09:c2:24:83:05:e9:10:f6:19:b1:c3:69:91:34:98:54:bd:
        f3:f3:18:ce:ca:fc:d3:fb:19:4c:50:9b:fb:e5:1e:7f:a4:7a:
        1d:df:36:6a:06:0a:7a:b8:1d:3b:91:5b:4e:e0:10:22:ee:ad:
        41:5b:3d:69:28:c5:c6:62:06:95:c8:88:b2:f7:4b:b2:84:a5:
        0a:45:cf:ad:36:de:47:30:59:db:cb:44:f4:5c:31:11:21:6b:
        3f:a4:f0:4e:cc:d1:30:39:c2:98:81:ff:ed:73:ae:bf:78:67:
        f0:b8:c5:a7:6b:57:9f:ca
```我们可以看到 SLH-DSA 的公钥和私钥都相当小（对于 128f，公钥是 32 字节，私钥是 64 字节），但是我们的签名相当大（对于 Sphincs SHA256–128f，是 17,088 字节）：

方法 公钥大小 私钥大小 签名大小 安全级别

ML-DSA-44 1,312 2,528 2,420 1 (128-bit) Lattice ML-DSA-65 1,952 4,000 3,293 3 (192-bit) Lattice ML-DSA-87 2,592 4,864 4,595 5 (256-bit) Lattice

SLH-SHA256-128f 32 64 17,088 1 (128-bit) Hash-based SLH-SHA256-192f 48 96 35,664 3 (192-bit) Hash-based SLH-SHA256256f 64 128 49,856 5 (256-bit) Hash-based

RSA-2048 256 256 256 ECC 256-bit 64 32 256

对于 ML-DSA-44：

openssl genpkey -algorithm ML-DSA-44 -out ml_priv.pem openssl pkey -in ml_priv.pem -pubout -out ml_pub.pem openssl x509 - req -in mldsa.csr -signkey ml_priv.pem -out mldsa_cert.pem - days 365 openssl req -new - key ml_priv.pem -out mldsa.csr -subj "/C=UK/ST=Lothian/L=Edinburgh/O=Computing/OU=Security/CN=example.asecuritysite.com

对于 ML-DSA，我们看到我们有一个更大的公钥，但是签名比 SLH-DSA 小 \[ [这里](https://asecuritysite.com/openssl/mldsa_cert)\]：

... 私钥： 0:d=0 hl=4 l=2622 cons: SEQUENCE 4:d=1 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00 7:d=1 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SEQUENCE 9:d=2 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :ML-DSA-44 20:d=1 hl=4 l=2602 prim: OCTET STRING [HEX DUMP]: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 公钥： 0:d=0 hl=4 l=1330 cons: SEQUENCE 4:d=1 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SEQUENCE 6:d=2 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :ML-DSA-44 17:d=1 hl=4 l=1313 prim: BIT STRING --------创建代码签名请求 ----- --------创建数字证书----- 数字证书： 证书： 数据： 版本：3 (0x2) 序列号： 45:b3:b8:00:7f:5a:53:88:51:93:33:8e:14:b2:2f:76:b1:3b:4a:d0 签名算法：ML-DSA-44 颁发者：C=UK, ST=Lothian, L=Edinburgh, O=Computing, OU=Security, CN=example.asecuritysite.com 有效期 起始时间：Dec 20 20:07:21 2025 GMT 截止时间：Dec 20 20:07:21 2026 GMT 主题：C=UK, ST=Lothian, L=Edinburgh, O=Computing, OU=Security, CN=example.asecuritysite.com 主题公钥信息： 公钥算法：ML-DSA-44 ML-DSA-44 公钥： pub: 94:89:3b:24:e7:1a:2f:a4:d0:f6:b2:1c:15:97:fc: cf:92:df:1e:7e:d2:95:a2:9b:1b:54:6b:bb:8e:e5: db:21:61:c3:ae:14:e9:a0:b2:0d:4a:92:b5:f8:a1: c6:52:bc:d3:50:db:f3:99:0b:cd:af:bc:36:a9:1f: 58:25:18:45:dc:9a:05:32:a8:ec:99:23:97:3a:72: 86:96:df:d8:a9:d0:42:e2:b5:18:b8:67:44:ab:f0: 81:cb:cd:86:11:04:07:09:b3:7f:b8:5c:ac:98:7e: a9:cf:3e:3a:77:20:f0:9e:92:0a:92:16:0a:c3:8e: 1f:cb:61:2e:3e:a2:ca:5f:f4:8d:a6:26:06:79:4d: 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35:ff:7d:0f:90:a7:0b:35:33:22:1e:a1:07:7b:65: 0c:6e:22:4d:7a:75:74:86:e6:c4:c1:f7:ec:a4:02: 12:d5:14:af:b2:e7:4e:c4:2f:fa:19:dd:f3:de:94: ec:3f:fa:8d:6c:a4:75:bb:d1:85:64:1c:d9:9f:95: 01:4b:7b:fb:db:99:0e:2e:c3:23:7d:b7:0b:b5:8e: 6a:28:26:ad:bc:a5:c0:f8:eb:17:1d:2e:fb:0d:88: ea:17:b8:16:97:21:28:00:ed:3a:97:15:36:5f:ee: 95:bf:5e:73:82:e3:d6:e4:97:71:ce:f1:e8:9b:2c: ee:75:a1:32:08:76:a3:1c:57:e2:0c:df:b9:05:c0: 1e:6f:ac:b5:04:f0:5f:8d:ab:f0:88:b5:a7:cf:6e: 48:15:23:ff:6e:5b:c5:4e:99:2b:9e:c4:00:fe:a7: b2:ce:bd:1e:3b:ff:71:c7:b9:c8:ee:48:3d:81:ef: 46:ba:f0:32:f5:ce:40:0a:8f:6a:d7:3d:7b:eb:fd: 86:72:e0:b3:23:59:c7:f8:56:0a:d9:e4:05:c8:56: 2c:ca:48:2d:e7:5d:65:4a:20:2c:50:45:64:da:dc: 2b:75:75:45:c9:b0:f2:92:53:35:e0:a1:a6:88:a8: be:26:b2:32:dc:10:c3:12:20:8c:08:d2:1f:08:a1: 59:44:d0:40:cf:88:77:8c:8c:64:c6:d2:ee:85:31: b2:4c:c1:28:48:e2:00:eb:43:d6:e4:5e:8e:68:0e: 5f:4d:a7:c3:97:c7:36:85:12:51:9d:a6:e5:bd:dc: ea:98:af:02:23:22:24:f7:16:eb:0d:7d:f1:18:f0: 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5c:b1:fe:84:2b:4b:d9:ad:8a:c1:d8:f4:67:61:1e:c0:5f:fa: 3b:21:ca:1b:d9:ba:77:0d:0a:32:72:d2:f5:9b:ef:48:dd:0e: 2d:9e:7c:38:c8:0f:af:39:25:9b:39:8b:63:71:7f:5f:c9:51: cd:0d:20:c0:a6:23:32:84:fd:68:4c:2c:85:24:1a:13:2b:d7: a7:5c:9e:ed:01:a1:ae:d5:8f:c5:2d:52:17:e9:8f:b2:06:1e: 79:ef:29:65:9e:2a:8b:ea:97:1f:8b:57:cd:52:1a:14:6b:f3: 30:3b:cb:b3:90:65:57:4a:b8:c7:e8:82:bc:74:19:fa:83:f3: 3a:0c:c8:4e:02:69:07:f5:02:82:66:57:9c:9d:18:4a:bc:d5: 38:c6:9d:7e:88:53:c2:bc:16:54:79:6e:ad:95:57:04:c4:06: b6:3d:94:03:1b:f8:1c:a0:2c:79:68:fc:a9:b5:01:eb:1d:f4: 1a:9a:4d:bb:63:68:8f:78:76:d3:1e:96:b4:e3:12:60:80:9b: 49:0b:28:d9:0d:48:ac:58:53:30:90:74:2a:88:37:f0:66:e6: 27:9a:d4:17:b5:40:ba:30:5e:0f:8e:eb:04:02:b5:a6:5e:59: 4c:37:51:e0:43:62:d2:cc:db:20:19:63:09:57:6b:25:33:19: fd:5e:5b:c5:ef:05:7d:1f:c6:f2:5c:c3:15:d3:66:93:0a:27: d3:01:ee:8e:35:f5:8f:71:f7:3c:be:8e:f5:ca:14:fe:21:45: f0:d4:c4:30:8b:bb:10:1e:07:93:0d:c5:89:db:fa:51:06:96: 83:81:a7:fd:5f:e9:65:0d:55:f6:f3:11:1b:34:c6:fa:61:6f: 21:ff:d8:b3:28:37:45:4d:a5:33:a3:e0:d1:e9:4c:e3:6b:85: 0d:78:69:4f:ec:f2:05:c8:f3:38:2e:10:99:a1:f4:38:34:6e: 21:83:a5:2c:2e:47:b8:0f:d2:73:9b:13:01:7c:9f:22:07:22: 21:bb:0f:53:98:ab:81:d7:e8:0e:c1:6f:ac:d4:ee:58:dc:c6: 74:c3:17:24:c7:27:90:b2:40:27:1d:31:59:13:3f:3f:76:c2: 41:9e:16:65:dc:69:c4:e8:39:5b:e0:c1:b0:10:e0:fb:21:70: e2:a7:4e:46:1f:d1:88:e1:05:ee:48:6f:d3:bb:f1:c8:82:09: cf:32:04:ed:76:ef:13:82:29:30:6c:c7:91:b8:c6:07:e1:62: a2:e9:e0:e5:96:db:8d:49:98:f3:6e:33:44:cf:a2:f8:ea:7b: 89:b6:95:f9:9a:4a:43:be:14:53:f2:e2:b5:cf:db:3b:1f:5f: 59:e2:b6:65:4f:2b:69:de:d9:31:33:cf:64:0b:49:9c:2b:a8: fc:e0:92:76:08:e0:0f:de:86:e8:e2:f1:37:ae:d8:eb:70:65: 6d:9a:77:b6:15:2f:4d:b3:88:bc:b5:25:e4:12:b1:58:76:fd: 58:88:f0:e1:7e:58:4c:ae:fc:4f:d3:4b:4b:a1:0c:18:71:f0: 6d:66:95:e9:80:31:bc:77:d1:a6:3a:56:63:b2:58:a8:84:72: 13:c1:af:40:8e:8e:0f:ae:05:5c:d5:3f:15:79:6e:4f:49:b2: 54:f6:d8:e1:77:39:59:4d:96:d0:a4:cd:03:79:22:82:48:a0: b3:ef:5b:86:71:f9:e0:dd:da:b1:39:cf:60:ed:a6:6c:de:7a: e3:fd:8f:c6:40:f3:4b:b9:aa:a8:f2:6f:6a:b5:e3:2b:09:da: 7a:b7:22:9a:9b:35:93:49:de:af:6c:07:76:e7:8d:97:54:1e: 9d:91:a8:42:4c:37:aa:0b:3b:c4:85:8b:43:21:f1:fa:48:60: 8c:53:2f:85:cc:a1:ee:21:15:e4:c6:dc:d7:18:d5:37:9a:38: 31:4f:6a:82:a5:85:a1:9d:b3:3e:fd:96:93:c9:68:0a:55:69: 8c:b8:e9:6e:99:9f:c4:a3:c7:2c:97:92:ec:30:8d:2a:ad:5e: e5:29:f1:34:18:03:c8:76:6a:85:bf:18:0d:4f:40:99:3d:d2: 9e:3e:a8:fa:ec:b4:e0:a6:e7:89:e1:de:0e:37:5a:82:ff:4b: dc:a4:29:c6:2c:0c:10:2c:da:e8:60:54:a9:30:62:49:35:7a: 30:e2:8c:d5:84:1e:47:25:1f:1a:10:b5:8e:98:f5:e4:db:e5: 94:fe:08:7e:62:57:37:1b:4f:72:76:6b:72:16:04:73:eb:93: 58:36:2d:5f:ff:a3:a5:26:c9:8c:af:b0:b8:5e:ec:1a:ee:75: 1f:5d:a7:84:df:87:80:67:35:02:fb:c5:a8:0e:fc:4d:cf:19: c0:67:d4:ee:29:cc:95:34:22:92:7d:cb:48:99:da:4e:9f:71: b9:b1:9c:90:91:e9:04:79:6b:2b:94:fb:c8:f1:fe:ad:c2:9f: fb:55:03:b9:40:78:08:e3:2f:e5:bf:e4:68:5e:1f:4e:d5:07: 36:b0:6c:99:06:07:ba:99:56:84:9a:3b:7d:78:d4:f3:0f:8f: 91:ce:fb:08:f7:81:c4:d4:4a:9e:ce:1b:01:ef:a8:17:67:5e: ad:3f:26:17:db:02:b3:43:40:fd:b5:de:1d:d4:8b:a1:93:9c: 1c:39:04:cf:b6:c2:a9:a4:90:3d:02:5a:1a:07:5e:e2:f2:8b: 71:f1:e7:e6:58:b1:dc:46:d9:0a:bd:9e:5a:ee:c5:39:04:63: 29:12:8c:cb:cb:cb:d6:5a:a4:d2:97:20:fb:b7:19:60:e3:14: 5c:85:70:72:c7:a8:46:e3:bd:73:83:48:c5:36:0b:82:bd:b4: 02:47:26:81:ef:f5:9f:2e:3f:c2:75:2a:27:07:52:a2:6a:df: a4:9e:1d:a7:62:4f:13:62:d3:0d:58:56:20:d5:56:89:81:3a: b0:40:8a:22:ec:30:b2:8c:5b:e9:74:78:fb:7f:b7:c5:07:90: 2c:bc:fe:3a:8e:8c:ee:4c:f2:78:46:43:cf:a8:bd:f1:38:09: 74:05:ab:33:37:a2:0a:31:94:60:b6:ce:0d:96:e4:ff:be:e9: 08:cb:1d:80:3b:26:e7:cb:16:65:04:22:ca:83:ea:4e:76:1e: a8:08:58:42:e8:0b:fd:82:54:a2:0c:cd:34:6a:bc:77:f1:a7: 14:65:06:aa:c9:50:7c:da:5f:b2:c0:d8:8a:b2:8a:5e:a6:19: 0a:58:ba:71:a8:2f:dd:eb:d6:39:c8:55:4f:f3:8f:0b:ba:87: fd:b7:a7:d7:63:87:25:56:b7:4a:4f:a2:40:8e:b8:2e:bd:e0: 9f:b4:c3:7d:79:20:42:fa:19:7b:37:ab:29:1a:45:bb:35:44: 99:db:af:54:88:f8:06:95:8a:62:1b:e9:8d:ed:d4:83:03:b4: af:88:6b:e3:c9:34:57:34:fa:7c:f0:07:44:a7:0a:d7:97:f8: 70:a5:b4:5b:4c:09:42:a0:2b:03:7a:3e:0d:a3:a7:7d:73:2d: 6d:14:ce:95:4c:a1:43:95:aa:ae:70:1a:54:ff:e5:e7:1e:f6: 6a:19:26:de:a3:49:17:af:da:7a:ee:a9:09:27:d6:f6:6b:ae: 27:74:aa:af:47:d5:2a:8b:e0:e1:ce:2b:2d:5f:de:da:ac:a8: 78:a6:10:03:ab:2e:08:34:e7:30:27:44:fa:66:c9:27:07:18: 10:73:96:95:db:00:23:e9:60:04:e5:69:55:28:9d:81:25:10: df:58:52:db:50:cd:b9:4c:a2:5f:1b:30:76:9f:9a:04:2a:6e: c1:3d:e2:d5:bd:9f:95:28:a9:fa:b7:6c:eb:3c:43:53:28:be: 7e:2e:d4:1c:73:80:8b:39:23:8e:d1:6a:82:c2:7d:3f:d3:69: e6:88:31:44:e4:e5:cd:85:c9:19:0f:75:43:a0:09:1f:22:db: d9:c1:8b:64:57:e6:41:cf:b9:1a:c9:28:1a:47:8c:68:37:62: 94:68:f8:85:5a:ca:69:29:de:0f:aa:ff:60:2f:36:56:77:75: ee:b2:5a:c5:4d:e8:ad:9b:a7:4c:35:2f:89:32:60:d7:7d:db: 22:88:15:0b:4f:ad:93:2f:bb:86:90:ab:15:c3:59:61:5f:83: f1:04:fd:60:f5:3b:cb:c3:37:81:b8:27:48:2c:f3:a8:03:d3: 72:c4:1a:f3:63:b5:f3:1a:77:95:a1:3f:f4:a9:41:3a:78:1e: d4:ad:b1:bc:d3:32:ae:27:b9:30:a6:79:c8:0a:f3:a7:06:df: 49:b0:37:7b:68:6e:8d:4e:71:cb:09:1a:48:47:51:2a:f8:70: a0:9e:76:25:54:cd:7e:0f:51:c1:19:ae:d5:2c:5c:5e:45:cd: f3:f7:5e:cd:70:ef:f0:9b:0b:6c:dc:99:9f:73:89:be:30:af: 24:8b:af:81:0c:d4:84:b5:f9:e9:da:b9:5c:4e:75:ef:79:fa: f9:96:7e:bd:13:e9:7a:9c:5f:1a:f7:77:eb:09:d6:12:5a:4c: c6:e3:89:51:3a:ac:de:bd:03:d7:d7:bf:10:9f:11:9f:f2:6b: b2:98:8a:05:30:f6:18:92:94:2d:14:7c:db:e1:75:74:70:12: 7e:82:5d:94:bb:1c:e2:58:e1:9f:11:40:b9:fc:b0:db:f8:59: 8d:b6:af:16:9c:0f:b4:44:5c:29:04:06:40:b5:a4:35:64:4e: 80:4a:54:7c:73:f4:e0:35:ee:0d:1d:7b:77:d3:53:9c:40:2d: ef:50:46:7b:21:df:4e:e1:0b:38:ce:35:a8:8b:3c:03:03:35: c1:73:11:8c:f0:f9:b2:65:e1:b1:b7:4b:31:61:eb:85:8a:5a: 38:8c:12:16:2f:4f:6d:a4:72:be:b7:de:fe:b5:f5:81:ce:9c: fd:fa:65:15:72:bd:3b:e4:e4:55:f3:00:79:5d:93:91:09:3c: 19:f5:fa:f3:1f:00:a3:8a:02:89:57:a5:96:36:b2:55:53:1c: 4d:fa:be:d7:28:46:79:11:95:c9:ba:08:4f:90:d4:f8:78:b9: c2:33:be:c5:a1:e0:6c:ad:4e:a5:8b:e9:07:42:68:b4:9c:c9: 1b:1d:b9:42:f4:26:2c:9e:d3:ab:56:1d:38:97:03:3c:bf:46: 26:d7:fc:06:d1:4d:23:d5:81:45:1d:c3:e3:fe:23:8c:ac:de: 84:b4:3c:ae:cf:8e:33:fc:a3:7c:80:ab:fb:68:83:ae:75:63: 68:52:69:6e:f9:33:68:b0:65:aa:86:c5:cb:04:51:de:47:01: b0:ec:5a:40:48:78:b7:52:f7:cd:7f:e5:55:ee:32:0e:15:92: 76:7f:79:f3:6f:0d:e9:fd:eb:45:05:b5:1d:05:d9:8d:84:62: 53:1b:22:2c:e2:80:4d:be:e7:8c:9f:12:8e:b8:f1:95:fb:ab: 1e:44:31:2d:28:fb:03:ae:67:2a:a8:a9:07:90:18:23:38:58: 5b:73:79:7c:83:87:96:ab:ca:dc:01:0b:14:2e:53:54:5e:79: 7c:8d:99:b0:bc:be:c0:c6:c8:d7:f9:fd:0f:14:19:48:65:77: 9c:b9:c2:da:e9:2b:3e:42:45:49:4a:57:5b:af:cc:d5:dd:00: 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00: 00:00:00:00:0e:22:2d:39

![](https://img.learnblockchain.cn/2025/12/22/1q8QOyRBvt1CkwzYrEjiqDw.png)

其中 “2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.17” 代表 ML-DSA。

>- 原文链接： [medium.com/asecuritysite...](https://medium.com/asecuritysite-when-bob-met-alice/get-ready-for-pqc-digital-certificates-285daef9d7ec)
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