Solana 原生支持多指令批处理交易并具备原子性,但受限于 1232 字节的大小限制,需精简设计或分片部署以应对复杂程序。
在以太坊中,Multicall 是一个常见的模式,通过智能合约将多个调用打包,确保原子性:要么全成功,要么全回滚。Solana 则无需额外实现这一模式,其运行时原生支持在一笔交易中执行多个指令,天然具备原子性。以下示例展示如何在单笔交易内初始化账户并写入数据,而不依赖 Anchor 的 init_if_needed。
import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Program } from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Batch } from "../target/types/batch";
describe("batch", () => {
anchor.setProvider(anchor.AnchorProvider.env());
const program = anchor.workspace.Batch as Program<Batch>;
it("Is initialized!", async () => {
const wallet = anchor.workspace.Batch.provider.wallet.payer;
const [pda, _bump] = anchor.web3.PublicKey.findProgramAddressSync([], program.programId);
const initTx = await program.methods.initialize()
.accounts({ pda: pda })
.transaction();
// for u32, we don't need to use big numbers
const setTx = await program.methods.set(5)
.accounts({ pda: pda })
.transaction();
let transaction = new anchor.web3.Transaction();
transaction.add(initTx);
transaction.add(setTx);
await anchor.web3.sendAndConfirmTransaction(anchor.getProvider().connection, transaction, [wallet]);
const pdaAcc = await program.account.pda.fetch(pda);
console.log(pdaAcc.value); // prints 5
});
});
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;
use std::mem::size_of;
declare_id!("CKT2SwoGyNibpqwSqy1DESbwVquENS6qHrFziAxnt8UW");
#[program]
pub mod batch {
use super::*;
pub fn initialize(ctx: Context<Initialize>) -> Result<()> {
Ok(())
}
pub fn set(ctx: Context<Set>, new_val: u32) -> Result<()> {
ctx.accounts.pda.value = new_val;
Ok(())
}
}
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Initialize<'info> {
#[account(init, payer = signer, space = size_of::<PDA>() + 8, seeds = [], bump)]
pub pda: Account<'info, PDA>,
#[account(mut)]
pub signer: Signer<'info>,
pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
}
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Set<'info> {
#[account(mut)]
pub pda: Account<'info, PDA>,
}
#[account]
pub struct PDA {
pub value: u32,
}
代码解析
Solana 的交易大小上限为 1232 字节,这是其高吞吐量设计中的权衡。与以太坊通过增加 Gas 扩展交易不同,Solana 要求开发者精简指令。这限制了批处理的数量,但也推动了更高效的程序设计。
为了直观展示批处理的原子性,我们修改 set 函数使其始终失败,观察 initialize 是否被回滚。
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;
use std::mem::size_of;
declare_id!("CKT2SwoGyNibpqwSqy1DESbwVquENS6qHrFziAxnt8UW");
#[program]
pub mod batch {
use super::*;
pub fn initialize(ctx: Context<Initialize>) -> Result<()> {
Ok(())
}
pub fn set(ctx: Context<Set>, new_val: u32) -> Result<()> {
ctx.accounts.pda.value = new_val;
return err!(Error::AlwaysFails);
}
}
#[error_code]
pub enum Error {
#[msg("always fails")]
AlwaysFails,
}
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Initialize<'info> {
#[account(init, payer = signer, space = size_of::<PDA>() + 8, seeds = [], bump)]
pub pda: Account<'info, PDA>,
#[account(mut)]
pub signer: Signer<'info>,
pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
}
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Set<'info> {
#[account(mut)]
pub pda: Account<'info, PDA>,
}
#[account]
pub struct PDA {
pub value: u32,
}
import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Program, SystemProgram } from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Batch } from "../target/types/batch";
describe("batch", () => {
anchor.setProvider(anchor.AnchorProvider.env());
const program = anchor.workspace.Batch as Program<Batch>;
it("Set the number to 5, initializing if necessary", async () => {
const wallet = anchor.workspace.Batch.p...
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