在 Anchor 中的 #[derive(Accounts)] 不同类型的账户

0xE
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本文详细讲解了 Solana Anchor 框架中 [derive(Accounts)] 宏的作用及其四种常见账户类型（Account、UncheckedAccount、Signer、Program），通过代码示例阐明其功能与应用场景，并分析了 Solana 交易中账户预指定的必要性。

在 Solana 的 Anchor 框架中，#[derive(Accounts)] 是一个宏，用于定义结构体，该结构体包含程序执行期间访问的所有账户引用。本文将详细讲解其作用，分析 Solana 交易中账户指定的必要性，并介绍四种常见账户类型：Account、UncheckedAccount、Signer 和 Program，通过代码示例阐明其功能与应用场景。

---

## **Solana 交易中账户的预指定要求**

Solana 的高性能源于交易的并行处理能力。例如，Alice 和 Bob 的交易若不冲突，可同时执行。但若两者试图修改同一账户，则并行化失败。为避免冲突，Solana 要求交易事先声明所有访问的账户。运行时根据这些声明判断是否存在竞争，确保交易顺序或失败处理（如优先级费用决定）。因此，每个 Anchor 函数需配备独立的 #[derive(Accounts)] 结构体，列出程序可能访问的账户。这种机制与以太坊的 EIP-2930 访问列表交易有相似之处。

常用的账户类型包括：

- Account
- UncheckedAccount
- Signer
- Program

以下初始化存储的代码展示了三种类型：

```rust
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Initialize<'info> {

#[account(init, 
        payer = signer, 
        space = size_of::<MyStorage>() + 8, 
        seeds = [], 
        bump)]
    pub my_storage: Account<'info, MyStorage>,

#[account(mut)]
    pub signer: Signer<'info>,

pub system_program: Program<'info, System>,
}
```

读取余额时则引入第四种类型：

```rust
#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct ReadBalance<'info> {
    /// CHECK: although we read this account's balance, we don't do anything with the information
    #[account(mut)]
    pub acct: UncheckedAccount<'info>,
}
```

这些类型通过 use anchor_lang::prelude::*; 导入，各自承担验证和交互功能。

---

## **Account**

Account 类型确保加载的账户由程序拥有，若所有者不匹配，则加载失败。这是防止误读非程序创建数据的重要安全措施。

以下示例尝试将非程序拥有的账户传入，结果失败：

### **Rust 代码**

```rust
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;

declare_id!("7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj");

#[program]
pub mod account_types {
    use super::*;

pub fn foo(ctx: Context<Foo>) -> Result<()> {
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Foo<'info> {
    some_account: Account<'info, SomeAccount>,
}

#[account]
pub struct SomeAccount {}
```

### **Typescript 代码**

```jsx
import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Program } from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { AccountTypes } from "../target/types/account_types";

describe("account_types", () => {
  async function airdropSol(publicKey, amount) {
    let airdropTx = await anchor.getProvider().connection.requestAirdrop(
      publicKey,
      amount * anchor.web3.LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
    );
    await confirmTransaction(airdropTx);
  }

async function confirmTransaction(tx) {
    const latestBlockHash = await anchor.getProvider().connection.getLatestBlockhash();
    await anchor.getProvider().connection.confirmTransaction({
      blockhash: latestBlockHash.blockhash,
      lastValidBlockHeight: latestBlockHash.lastValidBlockHeight,
      signature: tx,
    });
  }

anchor.setProvider(anchor.AnchorProvider.env());
  const program = anchor.workspace.AccountTypes as Program<AccountTypes>;

it("Wrong owner with Account", async () => {
    const newKeypair = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();
    await airdropSol(newKeypair.publicKey, 10);
    await program.methods.foo().accounts({ someAccount: newKeypair.publicKey }).rpc();
  });
});
```

### **输出**

```
  1) account_types
       Wrong owner with Account:
     Error: AnchorError caused by account: some_account. Error Code: AccountOwnedByWrongProgram. Error Number: 3007. Error Message: The given account is owned by a different program than expected.
Program log: Left:
Program log: 11111111111111111111111111111111
Program log: Right:
Program log: 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj
```

若添加 init 宏，账户所有权会转移给程序，但此例未使用。更多细节见 [文档](https://docs.rs/anchor-lang/latest/anchor_lang/accounts/account/struct.Account.html)。

---

## **UncheckedAccount**

UncheckedAccount 是 AccountInfo 的别名，不验证所有权，适用于读取任意账户数据，但需谨慎使用。

以下示例读取非程序拥有的账户数据：

### **Rust 代码**

```rust
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;

declare_id!("7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj");

#[program]
pub mod account_types {
    use super::*;

pub fn foo(ctx: Context<Foo>) -> Result<()> {
        let data = &ctx.accounts.some_account.try_borrow_data()?;
        msg!("{:?}", data);
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Foo<'info> {
    /// CHECK: we are just printing the data
    some_account: AccountInfo<'info>,
}
```

### **Typescript 代码**

```jsx
import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Program } from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { AccountTypes } from "../target/types/account_types";

describe("account_types", () => {
  const wallet = anchor.workspace.AccountTypes.provider.wallet;
  anchor.setProvider(anchor.AnchorProvider.env());
  const program = anchor.workspace.AccountTypes as Program<AccountTypes>;

it("Load account with accountInfo", async () => {
    const newKeypair = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();
    const tx = new anchor.web3.Transaction().add(
      anchor.web3.SystemProgram.createAccount({
        fromPubkey: wallet.publicKey,
        newAccountPubkey: newKeypair.publicKey,
        space: 16,
        lamports: await anchor.getProvider().connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(32),
        programId: program.programId,
      })
    );

await anchor.web3.sendAndConfirmTransaction(
      anchor.getProvider().connection,
      tx,
      [wallet.payer, newKeypair]
    );

await program.methods.foo().accounts({ someAccount: newKeypair.publicKey }).rpc();
  });
});
```

### **输出**

```
  Log Messages:
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj invoke [1]
    Program log: Instruction: Foo
    Program log: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj consumed 4862 of 200000 compute units
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj success
```

由于不检查所有权，需警惕恶意数据风险。

---

## **Signer**

Signer 类型验证账户是否签署交易，仅检查签名与公钥匹配，可用于读取余额等数据，但主要用于签名验证。

### **Rust 代码**

```rust
use anchor_lang::prelude::*;

declare_id!("7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj");

#[program]
pub mod account_types {
    use super::*;
    pub fn hello(ctx: Context<Hello>) -> Result<()> {
        let lamports = ctx.accounts.signer.lamports();
        let address = &ctx.accounts.signer.signer_key().unwrap();
        msg!("hello {:?} you have {} lamports", address, lamports);
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Hello<'info> {
    pub signer: Signer<'info>,
}
```

### **Typescript 代码**

```jsx
import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Program } from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { AccountTypes } from "../target/types/account_types";

describe("account_types", () => {
  anchor.setProvider(anchor.AnchorProvider.env());
  const program = anchor.workspace.AccountTypes as Program<AccountTypes>;

it("Wrong owner with Account", async () => {
    await program.methods.hello().rpc();
  });
});
```

### **输出**

```
  Log Messages:
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj invoke [1]
    Program log: Instruction: Hello
    Program log: hello 5NhLjdFKocoRMqic9sqAe5TxLagJCoCBunzg51ioMYot you have 499999999999995000 lamports
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj consumed 12674 of 200000 compute units
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj success
```

详见 [文档](https://docs.rs/anchor-lang/latest/anchor_lang/accounts/signer/struct.Signer.html)。Signer 用于验证账户是否签署了交易，但不会执行所有权或类型检查。因此，在使用该类型时，不应尝试访问底层账户数据。

---

## **Program**

Program 类型标识可执行账户，用于跨程序调用（如调用系统程序）。其作用明确，无需额外验证。

---

## **总结**

- **Account**：验证程序所有权，适用于程序拥有的账户。
- **UncheckedAccount**：不检查所有权，适合读取任意数据，需谨慎。
- **Signer**：验证签名，用于权限控制。
- **Program**：标识可执行程序，支持跨程序交互。

---    
【笔记配套代码】
 https://github.com/0xE1337/rareskills_evm_to_solana
【参考资料】
 https://learnblockchain.cn/column/119
 https://www.rareskills.io/solana-tutorial

Solana 交易中账户的预指定要求

常用的账户类型包括：

Account
UncheckedAccount
Signer
Program

以下初始化存储的代码展示了三种类型：

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Initialize&lt;'info> {

    #[account(init, 
        payer = signer, 
        space = size_of::&lt;MyStorage>() + 8, 
        seeds = [], 
        bump)]
    pub my_storage: Account&lt;'info, MyStorage>,

    #[account(mut)]
    pub signer: Signer&lt;'info>,

    pub system_program: Program&lt;'info, System>,
}

读取余额时则引入第四种类型：

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct ReadBalance&lt;'info> {
    /// CHECK: although we read this account's balance, we don't do anything with the information
    #[account(mut)]
    pub acct: UncheckedAccount&lt;'info>,
}

这些类型通过 use anchor_lang::prelude::*; 导入，各自承担验证和交互功能。

Account

Account 类型确保加载的账户由程序拥有，若所有者不匹配，则加载失败。这是防止误读非程序创建数据的重要安全措施。

以下示例尝试将非程序拥有的账户传入，结果失败：

Rust 代码

use anchor_lang::prelude::*;

declare_id!("7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj");

#[program]
pub mod account_types {
    use super::*;

    pub fn foo(ctx: Context&lt;Foo>) -> Result&lt;()> {
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Foo&lt;'info> {
    some_account: Account&lt;'info, SomeAccount>,
}

#[account]
pub struct SomeAccount {}

Typescript 代码

import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Program } from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { AccountTypes } from "../target/types/account_types";

describe("account_types", () => {
  async function airdropSol(publicKey, amount) {
    let airdropTx = await anchor.getProvider().connection.requestAirdrop(
      publicKey,
      amount * anchor.web3.LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
    );
    await confirmTransaction(airdropTx);
  }

  async function confirmTransaction(tx) {
    const latestBlockHash = await anchor.getProvider().connection.getLatestBlockhash();
    await anchor.getProvider().connection.confirmTransaction({
      blockhash: latestBlockHash.blockhash,
      lastValidBlockHeight: latestBlockHash.lastValidBlockHeight,
      signature: tx,
    });
  }

  anchor.setProvider(anchor.AnchorProvider.env());
  const program = anchor.workspace.AccountTypes as Program&lt;AccountTypes>;

  it("Wrong owner with Account", async () => {
    const newKeypair = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();
    await airdropSol(newKeypair.publicKey, 10);
    await program.methods.foo().accounts({ someAccount: newKeypair.publicKey }).rpc();
  });
});

输出

  1) account_types
       Wrong owner with Account:
     Error: AnchorError caused by account: some_account. Error Code: AccountOwnedByWrongProgram. Error Number: 3007. Error Message: The given account is owned by a different program than expected.
Program log: Left:
Program log: 11111111111111111111111111111111
Program log: Right:
Program log: 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj

若添加 init 宏，账户所有权会转移给程序，但此例未使用。更多细节见文档。

UncheckedAccount

UncheckedAccount 是 AccountInfo 的别名，不验证所有权，适用于读取任意账户数据，但需谨慎使用。

以下示例读取非程序拥有的账户数据：

Rust 代码

use anchor_lang::prelude::*;

declare_id!("7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj");

#[program]
pub mod account_types {
    use super::*;

    pub fn foo(ctx: Context&lt;Foo>) -> Result&lt;()> {
        let data = &ctx.accounts.some_account.try_borrow_data()?;
        msg!("{:?}", data);
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Foo&lt;'info> {
    /// CHECK: we are just printing the data
    some_account: AccountInfo&lt;'info>,
}

Typescript 代码

import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Program } from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { AccountTypes } from "../target/types/account_types";

describe("account_types", () => {
  const wallet = anchor.workspace.AccountTypes.provider.wallet;
  anchor.setProvider(anchor.AnchorProvider.env());
  const program = anchor.workspace.AccountTypes as Program&lt;AccountTypes>;

  it("Load account with accountInfo", async () => {
    const newKeypair = anchor.web3.Keypair.generate();
    const tx = new anchor.web3.Transaction().add(
      anchor.web3.SystemProgram.createAccount({
        fromPubkey: wallet.publicKey,
        newAccountPubkey: newKeypair.publicKey,
        space: 16,
        lamports: await anchor.getProvider().connection.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(32),
        programId: program.programId,
      })
    );

    await anchor.web3.sendAndConfirmTransaction(
      anchor.getProvider().connection,
      tx,
      [wallet.payer, newKeypair]
    );

    await program.methods.foo().accounts({ someAccount: newKeypair.publicKey }).rpc();
  });
});

输出

  Log Messages:
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj invoke [1]
    Program log: Instruction: Foo
    Program log: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj consumed 4862 of 200000 compute units
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj success

由于不检查所有权，需警惕恶意数据风险。

Signer

Signer 类型验证账户是否签署交易，仅检查签名与公钥匹配，可用于读取余额等数据，但主要用于签名验证。

Rust 代码

use anchor_lang::prelude::*;

declare_id!("7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj");

#[program]
pub mod account_types {
    use super::*;
    pub fn hello(ctx: Context&lt;Hello>) -> Result&lt;()> {
        let lamports = ctx.accounts.signer.lamports();
        let address = &ctx.accounts.signer.signer_key().unwrap();
        msg!("hello {:?} you have {} lamports", address, lamports);
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[derive(Accounts)]
pub struct Hello&lt;'info> {
    pub signer: Signer&lt;'info>,
}

Typescript 代码

import * as anchor from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Program } from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { AccountTypes } from "../target/types/account_types";

describe("account_types", () => {
  anchor.setProvider(anchor.AnchorProvider.env());
  const program = anchor.workspace.AccountTypes as Program&lt;AccountTypes>;

  it("Wrong owner with Account", async () => {
    await program.methods.hello().rpc();
  });
});

输出

  Log Messages:
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj invoke [1]
    Program log: Instruction: Hello
    Program log: hello 5NhLjdFKocoRMqic9sqAe5TxLagJCoCBunzg51ioMYot you have 499999999999995000 lamports
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj consumed 12674 of 200000 compute units
    Program 7wCSwt6CxCCLnmcXhL3v96512N82EUZ9z7ayC1LtHPNj success

详见文档。Signer 用于验证账户是否签署了交易，但不会执行所有权或类型检查。因此，在使用该类型时，不应尝试访问底层账户数据。

Program

Program 类型标识可执行账户，用于跨程序调用（如调用系统程序）。其作用明确，无需额外验证。

总结

Account：验证程序所有权，适用于程序拥有的账户。
UncheckedAccount：不检查所有权，适合读取任意数据，需谨慎。
Signer：验证签名，用于权限控制。
Program：标识可执行程序，支持跨程序交互。

【笔记配套代码】 https://github.com/0xE1337/rareskills_evm_to_solana 【参考资料】 https://learnblockchain.cn/column/119 https://www.rareskills.io/solana-tutorial

原创
学分: 5
分类: Solana
标签: Solana Anchor

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在 Anchor 中的 #[derive(Accounts)] 不同类型的账户

Solana 交易中账户的预指定要求

Account

Rust 代码

Typescript 代码

输出

UncheckedAccount

Rust 代码

Typescript 代码

输出

Signer

Rust 代码

Typescript 代码

输出

Program

总结

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